• CrossWorks for ARM
    • Preface
      • Introduction
        • What is CrossWorks?
        • What we don?t tell you
        • Release notes
        • Activating your product
        • Text conventions
        • Standard syntactic metalanguage
        • Requesting support and reporting problems
    • CrossStudio Reference
      • CrossStudio Tutorial
        • Activating CrossWorks
        • Managing support packages
        • Creating a project
        • Managing files in a project
        • Setting project options
        • Building projects
        • Exploring projects
        • Using the debugger
        • Low-level debugging
        • Debugging externally built applications
      • Overview
        • The title bar
        • The menu bar
        • The status bar
        • The editing workspace
        • Docking windows
      • Project management
        • Overview
        • Creating a project
        • Adding existing files to a project
        • Adding new files to a project
        • Removing a file, folder, project, or project link
        • Project properties
        • Project configurations
        • Project dependencies and build order
        • Project macros
      • Building projects
      • Source control
      • Breakpoint expressions
      • Debug expressions
      • Basic editing
        • Navigation
        • Bookmarks
        • Changing text
        • Using the clipboard
        • Drag and drop editing
        • Undo and redo
        • Indentation
        • File management
        • Find and replace
        • Regular expressions
        • Advanced editor features
        • Code templates
      • Memory map editor
      • Package management
      • Linking and section placement
      • CrossStudio Windows
        • Breakpoints window
        • Clipboard ring window
        • Call stack window
        • Downloads window
        • Execution counts window
        • Find and replace window
        • Globals window
        • CrossStudio Help and Assistance
        • Latest news window
        • Locals window
        • Memory window
        • Memory usage window
        • Output window
        • Package manager window
        • Project explorer
        • Properties window
        • Register windows
        • Source navigator window
        • Symbol browser
        • Targets window
        • Terminal emulator window
        • Threads window
        • Trace window
        • Watch window
      • Target interfaces
        • Macraigor Wiggler (20 and 14 pin) Target Interface
        • Generic FT2232 Target Interface
        • Amontec JTAGkey Target Interface
        • Olimex ARM-USB-OCD Target Interface
        • CrossConnect Target Interface
        • Segger J-Link Target Interface
        • ARM Simulator Target interface
      • ARM Target Support
        • Target startup code
        • Startup code
        • Memory map files
        • Project configurations
        • Target script file
        • TargetInterface Object
          • TargetInterface.beginDebugAccess
          • TargetInterface.delay
          • TargetInterface.downloadDebugHandler
          • TargetInterface.endDebugAccess
          • TargetInterface.eraseBytes
          • TargetInterface.error
          • TargetInterface.executeFunction
          • TargetInterface.getICEBreakerRegister
          • TargetInterface.getRegister
          • TargetInterface.idcode
          • TargetInterface.message
          • TargetInterface.peekByte
          • TargetInterface.peekBytes
          • TargetInterface.peekMultUint16
          • TargetInterface.peekMultUint32
          • TargetInterface.peekUint16
          • TargetInterface.peekUint32
          • TargetInterface.peekWord
          • TargetInterface.pokeByte
          • TargetInterface.pokeBytes
          • TargetInterface.pokeMultUint16
          • TargetInterface.pokeMultUint32
          • TargetInterface.pokeUint16
          • TargetInterface.pokeUint32
          • TargetInterface.pokeWord
          • TargetInterface.resetAndStop
          • TargetInterface.resetAndStopAtZero
          • TargetInterface.setDebugInterfaceProperty
          • TargetInterface.setDeviceType
          • TargetInterface.setICEBreakerBreakpoint
          • TargetInterface.setICEBreakerRegister
          • TargetInterface.setMaximumJTAGFrequency
          • TargetInterface.setNSRST
          • TargetInterface.setRegister
          • TargetInterface.stop
          • TargetInterface.stopAndReset
          • TargetInterface.trst
          • TargetInterface.waitForDebugState
        • Program loading
      • Dialogs
        • Debug file search editor
        • Environment Options Dialog
          • Building Environment Options
          • Debugging Environment Options
          • IDE Environment Options
          • Programming Language Environment Options
          • Source Control Environment Options
          • Text Editor Environment Options
          • Windows Environment Options
      • CrossStudio menu summary
        • File menu
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        • Clipboard Ring menu
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        • Browser menu
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        • Search menu
        • Project menu
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        • Debug menu
        • Debug Control menu
        • Breakpoint menu
        • Debug Windows menu
        • Tools menu
        • Window menu
        • Help menu
    • Tasking Library User Guide
      • Overview
      • Tasks
      • Event sets
      • Semaphores
      • Mutexes
      • Message queues
      • Byte queues
      • Global interrupts control
      • Timer support
      • Interrupt service routines
      • Memory areas
      • Task scheduling example
      • ARM implementation
      • Cortex-M3 implementation
      • CTL revisions
      • CTL sources
    • Library Reference
      • ARM Library Reference
        • <ctl.h> - Tasking definitions
          • ctl_byte_queue_init
          • ctl_byte_queue_num_free
          • ctl_byte_queue_num_used
          • ctl_byte_queue_post
          • ctl_byte_queue_post_nb
          • ctl_byte_queue_receive
          • ctl_byte_queue_receive_nb
          • ctl_byte_queue_post_multi
          • ctl_byte_queue_post_multi_nb
          • ctl_byte_queue_receive_multi
          • ctl_byte_queue_receive_multi_nb
          • ctl_byte_queue_setup_events
          • ctl_current_time
          • ctl_events_init
          • ctl_events_pulse
          • ctl_events_set_clear
          • ctl_events_wait
          • ctl_get_current_time
          • ctl_global_interrupts_disable
          • ctl_global_interrupts_enable
          • ctl_global_interrupts_set
          • ctl_handle_error
          • ctl_increment_tick_from_isr
          • ctl_interrupt_count
          • ctl_memory_area_allocate
          • ctl_memory_area_free
          • ctl_memory_area_init
          • ctl_memory_area_setup_events
          • ctl_message_queue_init
          • ctl_message_queue_num_free
          • ctl_message_queue_num_used
          • ctl_message_queue_post
          • ctl_message_queue_post_nb
          • ctl_message_queue_receive
          • ctl_message_queue_receive_nb
          • ctl_message_queue_post_multi
          • ctl_message_queue_post_multi_nb
          • ctl_message_queue_receive_multi
          • ctl_message_queue_receive_multi_nb
          • ctl_message_queue_setup_events
          • ctl_mutex_init
          • ctl_mutex_lock
          • ctl_mutex_unlock
          • ctl_reschedule_on_last_isr_exit
          • ctl_semaphore_init
          • ctl_semaphore_signal
          • ctl_semaphore_wait
          • ctl_task_die
          • ctl_task_executing
          • ctl_task_init
          • ctl_task_list
          • ctl_task_remove
          • ctl_task_replace
          • ctl_task_reschedule
          • ctl_task_run
          • ctl_task_set_priority
          • ctl_task_switch_callout
          • ctl_time_increment
          • ctl_timeout_wait
          • ctl_timeslice_period
        • <cross_studio_io.h>
          • debug_fopen
          • debug_fflush
          • debug_fclose
          • debug_fprintf
          • debug_printf
          • debug_fscanf
          • debug_scanf
          • debug_getchar
          • debug_gets
          • debug_geti
          • debug_getu
          • debug_getl
          • debug_getul
          • debug_getf
          • debug_getd
          • debug_getll
          • debug_getull
          • debug_fgetc
          • debug_fgets
          • debug_fputc
          • debug_fputs
          • debug_putchar
          • debug_puts
          • debug_fread
          • debug_fwrite
          • debug_fseek
          • debug_ftell
          • debug_rewind
          • debug_filesize
          • debug_clearerr
          • debug_feof
          • debug_ferror
          • debug_kbhit
          • debug_getch
          • debug_runtime_error
          • debug_break
          • debug_exit
          • debug_time
          • debug_fprintf_c
          • debug_printf_c
          • debug_fscanf_c
          • debug_scanf_c
          • debug_vfprintf
          • debug_vprintf
          • debug_vfscanf
          • debug_vscanf
          • debug_ungetc
          • debug_fgetpos
          • debug_fsetpos
          • debug_freopen
          • debug_perror
          • debug_remove
          • debug_rename
          • debug_tmpfile
          • debug_tmpnam
          • debug_getenv
          • debug_system
          • debug_getargs
          • debug_loadsymbols
          • debug_unloadsymbols
          • debug_enabled
        • <libarm.h> - ARM specific library
          • libarm.h File Reference
          • libarm_dcc_read
          • libarm_dcc_write
          • libarm_disable_irq
          • libarm_disable_irq_fiq
          • libarm_disable_fiq
          • libarm_enable_irq
          • libarm_enable_irq_fiq
          • libarm_enable_fiq
          • libarm_get_cpsr
          • libarm_isr_disable_irq
          • libarm_isr_enable_irq
          • libarm_mmu_flat_initialise_level_1_table
          • libarm_mmu_flat_initialise_level_2_small_page_table
          • libarm_mmu_flat_set_level_1_cacheable_region
          • libarm_mmu_flat_set_level_2_small_page_cacheable_region
          • libarm_restore_irq_fiq
          • libarm_run_dcc_port_server
          • libarm_set_cpsr
          • libarm_set_fiq
          • libarm_set_irq
        • <libmem.h> - Memory Programming library
          • libmem.h File Reference
          • Using LIBMEM
          • Light version of LIBMEM
          • Writing LIBMEM drivers
          • Data Structures
          • LIBMEM_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE
          • LIBMEM_ADDRESS_IS_ALIGNED
          • LIBMEM_ALIGNED_ADDRESS
          • LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_AMD_EXTENDED
          • LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_AMD_STANDARD
          • LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_INTEL_EXTENDED
          • LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_INTEL_STANDARD
          • LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_MITSUBISHI_EXTENDED
          • LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_MITSUBISHI_STANDARD
          • LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_NONE
          • LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_RESERVED
          • LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_SST_PAGE_WRITE
          • LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_WINBOND_STANDARD
          • LIBMEM_INLINE
          • LIBMEM_KB
          • LIBMEM_MB
          • LIBMEM_RANGE_OCCLUDES_RANGE
          • LIBMEM_RANGE_OVERLAPS_RANGE
          • LIBMEM_RANGE_WITHIN_RANGE
          • LIBMEM_STATUS_CFI_ERROR
          • LIBMEM_STATUS_ERROR
          • LIBMEM_STATUS_GEOMETRY_REGION_OVERFLOW
          • LIBMEM_STATUS_INVALID_DEVICE
          • LIBMEM_STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER
          • LIBMEM_STATUS_INVALID_RANGE
          • LIBMEM_STATUS_INVALID_WIDTH
          • LIBMEM_STATUS_LOCKED
          • LIBMEM_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED
          • LIBMEM_STATUS_NO_DRIVER
          • LIBMEM_STATUS_SUCCESS
          • LIBMEM_STATUS_TIMEOUT
          • LIBMEM_VERSION_NUMBER
          • _libmem_driver_functions_t Struct Reference
          • _libmem_driver_functions_t::erase
          • _libmem_driver_functions_t::fill
          • _libmem_driver_functions_t::flush
          • _libmem_driver_functions_t::lock
          • _libmem_driver_functions_t::unlock
          • _libmem_driver_functions_t::write
          • _libmem_driver_handle_t Struct Reference
          • _libmem_driver_handle_t::driver_data
          • _libmem_driver_handle_t::driver_functions
          • _libmem_driver_handle_t::ext_driver_functions
          • _libmem_driver_handle_t::flash_info
          • _libmem_driver_handle_t::geometry
          • _libmem_driver_handle_t::next
          • _libmem_driver_handle_t::size
          • _libmem_driver_handle_t::start
          • _libmem_driver_handle_t::user_data
          • _libmem_ext_driver_functions_t Struct Reference
          • _libmem_ext_driver_functions_t::crc32
          • _libmem_ext_driver_functions_t::inrange
          • _libmem_ext_driver_functions_t::read
          • _libmem_flash_info_t Struct Reference
          • _libmem_flash_info_t::erase_chip_timeout_ticks
          • _libmem_flash_info_t::erase_sector_timeout_ticks
          • _libmem_flash_info_t::max_multi_program_bytes
          • _libmem_flash_info_t::multi_write_timeout_ticks
          • _libmem_flash_info_t::pairing
          • _libmem_flash_info_t::primary_cmdset
          • _libmem_flash_info_t::width
          • _libmem_flash_info_t::write_timeout_ticks
          • _libmem_geometry_t Struct Reference
          • _libmem_geometry_t::count
          • _libmem_geometry_t::size
          • _libmem_sector_info_t Struct Reference
          • _libmem_sector_info_t::number
          • _libmem_sector_info_t::size
          • _libmem_sector_info_t::start
          • libmem_busy_handler_fn
          • libmem_busy_handler_fn_t
          • libmem_cfi_get_info
          • libmem_crc32
          • libmem_crc32_direct
          • libmem_driver_crc32_fn_t
          • libmem_driver_erase_fn_t
          • libmem_driver_fill_fn_t
          • libmem_driver_flush_fn_t
          • libmem_driver_functions_t
          • libmem_driver_handle_t
          • libmem_driver_inrange_fn_t
          • libmem_driver_lock_fn_t
          • libmem_driver_read_fn_t
          • libmem_driver_unlock_fn_t
          • libmem_driver_write_fn_t
          • libmem_drivers
          • libmem_enable_timeouts
          • libmem_erase
          • libmem_erase_all
          • libmem_ext_driver_functions_t
          • libmem_fill
          • libmem_flash_info_t
          • libmem_flush
          • libmem_foreach_driver
          • libmem_foreach_driver_fn_t
          • libmem_foreach_sector
          • libmem_foreach_sector_fn_t
          • libmem_foreach_sector_in_range
          • libmem_geometry_t
          • libmem_get_driver
          • libmem_get_driver_sector_size
          • libmem_get_geometry_size
          • libmem_get_number_of_regions
          • libmem_get_number_of_sectors
          • libmem_get_sector_info
          • libmem_get_sector_number
          • libmem_get_sector_size
          • libmem_get_ticks
          • libmem_get_ticks_fn
          • libmem_get_ticks_fn_t
          • libmem_lock
          • libmem_lock_all
          • libmem_read
          • libmem_register_am29f200b_driver
          • libmem_register_am29f200t_driver
          • libmem_register_am29f400bb_driver
          • libmem_register_am29f400bt_driver
          • libmem_register_am29fxxx_driver
          • libmem_register_am29lv010b_driver
          • libmem_register_cfi_0001_16_driver
          • libmem_register_cfi_0001_8_driver
          • libmem_register_cfi_0002_16_driver
          • libmem_register_cfi_0002_8_driver
          • libmem_register_cfi_0003_16_driver
          • libmem_register_cfi_0003_8_driver
          • libmem_register_cfi_amd_driver
          • libmem_register_cfi_driver
          • libmem_register_cfi_intel_driver
          • libmem_register_driver
          • libmem_register_ram_driver
          • libmem_register_sst39xFx00A_16_driver
          • libmem_register_st_m28w320cb_driver
          • libmem_register_st_m28w320ct_driver
          • libmem_sector_info_t
          • libmem_set_busy_handler
          • libmem_ticks_per_second
          • libmem_unlock
          • libmem_unlock_all
          • libmem_write
        • <libmem_loader.h> - Loader functions
          • libmem_loader.h File Reference
          • libmem_rpc_loader_start
          • libmem_rpc_loader_exit
          • libmem_dcc_rpc_loader_start
          • libmem_dcc_rpc_loader_exit
          • libmem_dcc_loader_start
          • libmem_dcc_loader_set_param_fn_t
          • LIBMEM_RPC_LOADER_MAGIC_NUMBER
          • LIBMEM_RPC_LOADER_FLAG_PARAM
          • LIBMEM_RPC_LOADER_FLAG_PRESERVE_STATE
      • Standard C Library Reference
        • <assert.h> - Diagnostics
          • assert
        • <ctype.h> - Character handling
          • isalnum
          • isalpha
          • isblank
          • iscntrl
          • isdigit
          • isgraph
          • isupper
          • isprint
          • ispunct
          • isspace
          • isupper
          • isxdigit
          • tolower
          • toupper
        • <errno.h> - Errors
          • errno
        • <float.h> - Float numerical limits
        • <limits.h> - Integer numerical limits
          • CHAR_BIT
          • CHAR_MIN
          • CHAR_MAX
          • INT_MIN
          • INT_MAX
          • LLONG_MIN
          • LLONG_MAX
          • LONG_MIN
          • LONG_MAX
          • SCHAR_MIN
          • SCHAR_MAX
          • SHRT_MIN
          • SHRT_MAX
          • UCHAR_MAX
          • UINT_MAX
          • ULLONG_MAX
          • ULONG_MAX
          • USHRT_MAX
        • <locale.h> - C localization
        • <math.h> - Mathematics
          • acos
          • acosf
          • acosh
          • acoshf
          • asin
          • asinf
          • asinh
          • asinhf
          • atan
          • atan2
          • atan2f
          • atanf
          • atanh
          • atanhf
          • cbrt
          • cbrtf
          • ceil
          • ceilf
          • cos
          • cosf
          • cosh
          • coshf
          • exp
          • expf
          • fabs
          • fabsf
          • floor
          • floorf
          • fmax
          • fmaxf
          • fmin
          • fminf
          • fmod
          • fmodf
          • frexp
          • frexpf
          • hypot
          • hypotf
          • isfinite
          • isinf
          • isnan
          • ldexp
          • ldexpf
          • log
          • log10
          • log10f
          • logf
          • modf
          • modff
          • pow
          • powf
          • scalbn
          • scalbnf
          • sin
          • sinf
          • sinh
          • sinhf
          • sqrt
          • sqrtf
          • tan
          • tanf
          • tanh
          • tanhf
        • <setjmp.h> - Non-local jumps
          • jmp_buf
          • longjmp
          • setjmp
        • <stdarg.h> - Variable arguments
          • va_arg
          • va_copy
          • va_end
          • va_start
        • <stdio.h> - Input/output functions
          • Formatted output control strings
          • Formatted input control strings
          • getchar
          • gets
          • printf
          • putchar
          • puts
          • scanf
          • snprintf
          • sprintf
          • sscanf
          • vprintf
          • vscanf
          • vsnprintf
          • vsprintf
          • vsscanf
        • <stdlib.h> - General utilities
          • atexit
          • atof
          • atoi
          • atol
          • atoll
          • bsearch
          • calloc
          • div
          • div_t
          • exit
          • free
          • itoa
          • ldiv
          • ldiv_t
          • lldiv
          • lldiv_t
          • lltoa
          • ltoa
          • malloc
          • qsort
          • rand
          • RAND_MAX
          • realloc
          • srand
          • strtol
          • strtof
          • strtol
          • strtoll
          • strtoul
          • strtoull
          • ultoa
          • ultoa
          • utoa
        • <string.h> - String handling
          • memchr
          • memcmp
          • memcpy
          • memmove
          • memset
          • strcat
          • strchr
          • strcmp
          • strcoll
          • strcpy
          • strcspn
          • strerror
          • strlen
          • strncat
          • strncmp
          • strncpy
          • strpbrk
          • strrchr
          • strspn
          • strstr
          • strtok
        • <time.h> - C Time
          • asctime and asctime_r
          • ctime and ctime_r
          • difftime
          • gmtime and gmtime_r
          • localtime and localtime_r
          • mktime
          • strftime
          • struct tm
          • time_t
      • Standard C++ Library Reference
        • <new> - memory allocation
          • operator delete
          • operator new
          • set_new_handler
    • Command Line Tools
      • CrossBuild
      • CrossLoad
      • Command Line Debugging
      • mkhdr - C/C++ header file generator
      • mkpkg - package creator
      • GNU C/C++ Compiler
        • Introduction
        • 1 Programming Languages Supported by GCC
        • 2 Language Standards Supported by GCC
          • 2.1 C language
          • 2.2 C++ language
          • 2.3 Objective-C and Objective-C++ languages
        • 3 GCC Command Options
          • 3.1 Option Summary
          • 3.2 Options Controlling the Kind of Output
          • 3.3 Compiling C++ Programs
          • 3.4 Options Controlling C Dialect
          • 3.5 Options Controlling C++ Dialect
          • 3.6 Options Controlling Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialects
          • 3.7 Options to Control Diagnostic Messages Formatting
          • 3.8 Options to Request or Suppress Warnings
          • 3.9 Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC
          • 3.10 Options That Control Optimization
          • 3.11 Options Controlling the Preprocessor
          • 3.12 Passing Options to the Assembler
          • 3.13 Options for Linking
          • 3.14 Options for Directory Search
          • 3.15 Specifying subprocesses and the switches to pass to them
          • 3.16 Specifying Target Machine and Compiler Version
          • 3.17 Hardware Models and Configurations
            • 3.17.1 ARC Options
            • 3.17.2 ARM Options
            • 3.17.3 AVR Options
            • 3.17.4 Blackfin Options
            • 3.17.5 CRIS Options
            • 3.17.6 CRX Options
            • 3.17.7 Darwin Options
            • 3.17.8 DEC Alpha Options
            • 3.17.9 DEC Alpha/VMS Options
            • 3.17.10 FR30 Options
            • 3.17.11 FRV Options
            • 3.17.12 GNU/Linux Options
            • 3.17.13 H8/300 Options
            • 3.17.14 HPPA Options
            • 3.17.15 Intel 386 and AMD x86-64 Options
            • 3.17.16 IA-64 Options
            • 3.17.17 M32C Options
            • 3.17.18 M32R/D Options
            • 3.17.19 M680x0 Options
            • 3.17.20 M68hc1x Options
            • 3.17.21 MCore Options
            • 3.17.22 MIPS Options
            • 3.17.23 MMIX Options
            • 3.17.24 MN10300 Options
            • 3.17.25 PDP-11 Options
            • 3.17.26 picoChip Options
            • 3.17.27 PowerPC Options
            • 3.17.28 IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC Options
            • 3.17.29 S/390 and zSeries Options
            • 3.17.30 Score Options
            • 3.17.31 SH Options
            • 3.17.32 SPARC Options
            • 3.17.33 SPU Options
            • 3.17.34 Options for System V
            • 3.17.35 V850 Options
            • 3.17.36 VAX Options
            • 3.17.37 VxWorks Options
            • 3.17.38 x86-64 Options
            • 3.17.39 i386 and x86-64 Windows Options
            • 3.17.40 Xstormy16 Options
            • 3.17.41 Xtensa Options
            • 3.17.42 zSeries Options
          • 3.18 Options for Code Generation Conventions
          • 3.19 Environment Variables Affecting GCC
          • 3.20 Using Precompiled Headers
          • 3.21 Running Protoize
        • 4 C Implementation-defined behavior
          • 4.1 Translation
          • 4.2 Environment
          • 4.3 Identifiers
          • 4.4 Characters
          • 4.5 Integers
          • 4.6 Floating point
          • 4.7 Arrays and pointers
          • 4.8 Hints
          • 4.9 Structures, unions, enumerations, and bit-fields
          • 4.10 Qualifiers
          • 4.11 Declarators
          • 4.12 Statements
          • 4.13 Preprocessing directives
          • 4.14 Library functions
          • 4.15 Architecture
          • 4.16 Locale-specific behavior
        • 5 Extensions to the C Language Family
          • 5.1 Statements and Declarations in Expressions
          • 5.2 Locally Declared Labels
          • 5.3 Labels as Values
          • 5.4 Nested Functions
          • 5.5 Constructing Function Calls
          • 5.6 Referring to a Type with typeof
          • 5.7 Conditionals with Omitted Operands
          • 5.8 Double-Word Integers
          • 5.9 Complex Numbers
          • 5.10 Additional Floating Types
          • 5.11 Decimal Floating Types
          • 5.12 Hex Floats
          • 5.13 Fixed-Point Types
          • 5.14 Arrays of Length Zero
          • 5.15 Structures With No Members
          • 5.16 Arrays of Variable Length
          • 5.17 Macros with a Variable Number of Arguments.
          • 5.18 Slightly Looser Rules for Escaped Newlines
          • 5.19 Non-Lvalue Arrays May Have Subscripts
          • 5.20 Arithmetic on void- and Function-Pointers
          • 5.21 Non-Constant Initializers
          • 5.22 Compound Literals
          • 5.23 Designated Initializers
          • 5.24 Case Ranges
          • 5.25 Cast to a Union Type
          • 5.26 Mixed Declarations and Code
          • 5.27 Declaring Attributes of Functions
          • 5.28 Attribute Syntax
          • 5.29 Prototypes and Old-Style Function Definitions
          • 5.30 C++ Style Comments
          • 5.31 Dollar Signs in Identifier Names
          • 5.32 The Character <ESC> in Constants
          • 5.33 Inquiring on Alignment of Types or Variables
          • 5.34 Specifying Attributes of Variables
            • 5.34.1 Blackfin Variable Attributes
            • 5.34.2 M32R/D Variable Attributes
            • 5.34.3 i386 Variable Attributes
            • 5.34.4 PowerPC Variable Attributes
            • 5.34.5 SPU Variable Attributes
            • 5.34.6 Xstormy16 Variable Attributes
            • 5.34.7 AVR Variable Attributes
          • 5.35 Specifying Attributes of Types
            • 5.35.1 ARM Type Attributes
            • 5.35.2 i386 Type Attributes
            • 5.35.3 PowerPC Type Attributes
            • 5.35.4 SPU Type Attributes
          • 5.36 An Inline Function is As Fast As a Macro
          • 5.37 Assembler Instructions with C Expression Operands
            • 5.37.1 Size of an asm
            • 5.37.2 i386 floating point asm operands
          • 5.38 Constraints for asm Operands
            • 5.38.1 Simple Constraints
            • 5.38.2 Multiple Alternative Constraints
            • 5.38.3 Constraint Modifier Characters
            • 5.38.4 Constraints for Particular Machines
          • 5.39 Controlling Names Used in Assembler Code
          • 5.40 Variables in Specified Registers
            • 5.40.1 Defining Global Register Variables
            • 5.40.2 Specifying Registers for Local Variables
          • 5.41 Alternate Keywords
          • 5.42 Incomplete enum Types
          • 5.43 Function Names as Strings
          • 5.44 Getting the Return or Frame Address of a Function
          • 5.45 Using vector instructions through built-in functions
          • 5.46 Offsetof
          • 5.47 Built-in functions for atomic memory access
          • 5.48 Object Size Checking Builtins
          • 5.49 Other built-in functions provided by GCC
          • 5.50 Built-in Functions Specific to Particular Target Machines
            • 5.50.1 Alpha Built-in Functions
            • 5.50.2 ARM iWMMXt Built-in Functions
            • 5.50.3 ARM NEON Intrinsics
              • 5.50.3.1 Addition
              • 5.50.3.2 Multiplication
              • 5.50.3.3 Multiply-accumulate
              • 5.50.3.4 Multiply-subtract
              • 5.50.3.5 Subtraction
              • 5.50.3.6 Comparison (equal-to)
              • 5.50.3.7 Comparison (greater-than-or-equal-to)
              • 5.50.3.8 Comparison (less-than-or-equal-to)
              • 5.50.3.9 Comparison (greater-than)
              • 5.50.3.10 Comparison (less-than)
              • 5.50.3.11 Comparison (absolute greater-than-or-equal-to)
              • 5.50.3.12 Comparison (absolute less-than-or-equal-to)
              • 5.50.3.13 Comparison (absolute greater-than)
              • 5.50.3.14 Comparison (absolute less-than)
              • 5.50.3.15 Test bits
              • 5.50.3.16 Absolute difference
              • 5.50.3.17 Absolute difference and accumulate
              • 5.50.3.18 Maximum
              • 5.50.3.19 Minimum
              • 5.50.3.20 Pairwise add
              • 5.50.3.21 Pairwise add, single_opcode widen and accumulate
              • 5.50.3.22 Folding maximum
              • 5.50.3.23 Folding minimum
              • 5.50.3.24 Reciprocal step
              • 5.50.3.25 Vector shift left
              • 5.50.3.26 Vector shift left by constant
              • 5.50.3.27 Vector shift right by constant
              • 5.50.3.28 Vector shift right by constant and accumulate
              • 5.50.3.29 Vector shift right and insert
              • 5.50.3.30 Vector shift left and insert
              • 5.50.3.31 Absolute value
              • 5.50.3.32 Negation
              • 5.50.3.33 Bitwise not
              • 5.50.3.34 Count leading sign bits
              • 5.50.3.35 Count leading zeros
              • 5.50.3.36 Count number of set bits
              • 5.50.3.37 Reciprocal estimate
              • 5.50.3.38 Reciprocal square-root estimate
              • 5.50.3.39 Get lanes from a vector
              • 5.50.3.40 Set lanes in a vector
              • 5.50.3.41 Create vector from literal bit pattern
              • 5.50.3.42 Set all lanes to the same value
              • 5.50.3.43 Combining vectors
              • 5.50.3.44 Splitting vectors
              • 5.50.3.45 Conversions
              • 5.50.3.46 Move, single_opcode narrowing
              • 5.50.3.47 Move, single_opcode long
              • 5.50.3.48 Table lookup
              • 5.50.3.49 Extended table lookup
              • 5.50.3.50 Multiply, lane
              • 5.50.3.51 Long multiply, lane
              • 5.50.3.52 Saturating doubling long multiply, lane
              • 5.50.3.53 Saturating doubling multiply high, lane
              • 5.50.3.54 Multiply-accumulate, lane
              • 5.50.3.55 Multiply-subtract, lane
              • 5.50.3.56 Vector multiply by scalar
              • 5.50.3.57 Vector long multiply by scalar
              • 5.50.3.58 Vector saturating doubling long multiply by scalar
              • 5.50.3.59 Vector saturating doubling multiply high by scalar
              • 5.50.3.60 Vector multiply-accumulate by scalar
              • 5.50.3.61 Vector multiply-subtract by scalar
              • 5.50.3.62 Vector extract
              • 5.50.3.63 Reverse elements
              • 5.50.3.64 Bit selection
              • 5.50.3.65 Transpose elements
              • 5.50.3.66 Zip elements
              • 5.50.3.67 Unzip elements
              • 5.50.3.68 Element/structure loads, VLD1 variants
              • 5.50.3.69 Element/structure stores, VST1 variants
              • 5.50.3.70 Element/structure loads, VLD2 variants
              • 5.50.3.71 Element/structure stores, VST2 variants
              • 5.50.3.72 Element/structure loads, VLD3 variants
              • 5.50.3.73 Element/structure stores, VST3 variants
              • 5.50.3.74 Element/structure loads, VLD4 variants
              • 5.50.3.75 Element/structure stores, VST4 variants
              • 5.50.3.76 Logical operations (AND)
              • 5.50.3.77 Logical operations (OR)
              • 5.50.3.78 Logical operations (exclusive OR)
              • 5.50.3.79 Logical operations (AND-NOT)
              • 5.50.3.80 Logical operations (OR-NOT)
              • 5.50.3.81 Reinterpret casts
            • 5.50.4 Blackfin Built-in Functions
            • 5.50.5 FR-V Built-in Functions
              • 5.50.5.1 Argument Types
              • 5.50.5.2 Directly-mapped Integer Functions
              • 5.50.5.3 Directly-mapped Media Functions
              • 5.50.5.4 Raw read/write Functions
              • 5.50.5.5 Other Built-in Functions
            • 5.50.6 X86 Built-in Functions
            • 5.50.7 MIPS DSP Built-in Functions
            • 5.50.8 MIPS Paired-Single Support
            • 5.50.9 MIPS Loongson Built-in Functions
              • 5.50.9.1 Paired-Single Arithmetic
              • 5.50.9.2 Paired-Single Built-in Functions
              • 5.50.9.3 MIPS-3D Built-in Functions
            • 5.50.10 picoChip Built-in Functions
            • 5.50.11 Other MIPS Built-in Functions
            • 5.50.12 PowerPC AltiVec Built-in Functions
            • 5.50.13 SPARC VIS Built-in Functions
            • 5.50.14 SPU Built-in Functions
          • 5.51 Format Checks Specific to Particular Target Machines
            • 5.51.1 Solaris Format Checks
          • 5.52 Pragmas Accepted by GCC
            • 5.52.1 ARM Pragmas
            • 5.52.2 M32C Pragmas
            • 5.52.3 RS/6000 and PowerPC Pragmas
            • 5.52.4 Darwin Pragmas
            • 5.52.5 Solaris Pragmas
            • 5.52.6 Symbol-Renaming Pragmas
            • 5.52.7 Structure-Packing Pragmas
            • 5.52.8 Weak Pragmas
            • 5.52.9 Diagnostic Pragmas
            • 5.52.10 Visibility Pragmas
            • 5.52.11 Push/Pop Macro Pragmas
            • 5.52.12 Function Specific Option Pragmas
          • 5.53 Unnamed struct/union fields within structs/unions
          • 5.54 Thread-Local Storage
            • 5.54.1 ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Edits for Thread-Local Storage
            • 5.54.2 ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Edits for Thread-Local Storage
          • 5.55 Binary constants using the `0b' prefix
        • 6 Extensions to the C++ Language
          • 6.1 When is a Volatile Object Accessed?
          • 6.2 Restricting Pointer Aliasing
          • 6.3 Vague Linkage
          • 6.4 #pragma interface and implementation
          • 6.5 Where's the Template?
          • 6.6 Extracting the function pointer from a bound pointer to member function
          • 6.7 C++-Specific Variable, Function, and Type Attributes
          • 6.8 Namespace Association
          • 6.9 Type Traits
          • 6.10 Java Exceptions
          • 6.11 Deprecated Features
          • 6.12 Backwards Compatibility
        • 7 GNU Objective-C runtime features
          • 7.1 +load: Executing code before main
            • 7.1.1 What you can and what you cannot do in +load
          • 7.2 Type encoding
          • 7.3 Garbage Collection
          • 7.4 Constant string objects
          • 7.5 compatibility_alias
        • 8 Binary Compatibility
        • 9 gcova Test Coverage Program
          • 9.1 Introduction to gcov
          • 9.2 Invoking gcov
          • 9.3 Using gcov with GCC Optimization
          • 9.4 Brief description of gcov data files
          • 9.5 Data file relocation to support cross-profiling
        • 10 Known Causes of Trouble with GCC
          • 10.1 Actual Bugs We Haven't Fixed Yet
          • 10.2 Cross-Compiler Problems
          • 10.3 Interoperation
          • 10.4 Incompatibilities of GCC
          • 10.5 Fixed Header Files
          • 10.6 Standard Libraries
          • 10.7 Disappointments and Misunderstandings
          • 10.8 Common Misunderstandings with GNU C++
            • 10.8.1 Declare and Define Static Members
            • 10.8.2 Name lookup, templates, and accessing members of base classes
            • 10.8.3 Temporaries May Vanish Before You Expect
            • 10.8.4 Implicit Copy-Assignment for Virtual Bases
          • 10.9 Caveats of using protoize
          • 10.10 Certain Changes We Don't Want to Make
          • 10.11 Warning Messages and Error Messages
        • 11 Reporting Bugs
          • 11.1 Have You Found a Bug?
          • 11.2 How and where to Report Bugs
        • 12 How To Get Help with GCC
        • 13 Contributing to GCC Development
        • Funding Free Software
        • The GNU Project and GNU/Linux
        • GNU General Public License
        • GNU Free Documentation License
          • ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
        • Contributors to GCC
        • Option Index
        • Keyword Index
      • GNU C Preprocessor
        • The C Preprocessor
        • 1 Overview
          • 1.1 Character sets
          • 1.2 Initial processing
          • 1.3 Tokenization
          • 1.4 The preprocessing language
        • 2 Header Files
          • 2.1 Include Syntax
          • 2.2 Include Operation
          • 2.3 Search Path
          • 2.4 Once-Only Headers
          • 2.5 Alternatives to Wrapper #ifndef
          • 2.6 Computed Includes
          • 2.7 Wrapper Headers
          • 2.8 System Headers
        • 3 Macros
          • 3.1 Object-like Macros
          • 3.2 Function-like Macros
          • 3.3 Macro Arguments
          • 3.4 Stringification
          • 3.5 Concatenation
          • 3.6 Variadic Macros
          • 3.7 Predefined Macros
            • 3.7.1 Standard Predefined Macros
            • 3.7.2 Common Predefined Macros
            • 3.7.3 System-specific Predefined Macros
            • 3.7.4 C++ Named Operators
          • 3.8 Undefining and Redefining Macros
          • 3.9 Directives Within Macro Arguments
          • 3.10 Macro Pitfalls
            • 3.10.1 Misnesting
            • 3.10.2 Operator Precedence Problems
            • 3.10.3 Swallowing the Semicolon
            • 3.10.4 Duplication of Side Effects
            • 3.10.5 Self-Referential Macros
            • 3.10.6 Argument Prescan
            • 3.10.7 Newlines in Arguments
        • 4 Conditionals
          • 4.1 Conditional Uses
          • 4.2 Conditional Syntax
            • 4.2.1 Ifdef
            • 4.2.2 If
            • 4.2.3 Defined
            • 4.2.4 Else
            • 4.2.5 Elif
          • 4.3 Deleted Code
        • 5 Diagnostics
        • 6 Line Control
        • 7 Pragmas
        • 8 Other Directives
        • 9 Preprocessor Output
        • 10 Traditional Mode
          • 10.1 Traditional lexical analysis
          • 10.2 Traditional macros
          • 10.3 Traditional miscellany
          • 10.4 Traditional warnings
        • 11 Implementation Details
          • 11.1 Implementation-defined behavior
          • 11.2 Implementation limits
          • 11.3 Obsolete Features
            • 11.3.1 Assertions
          • 11.4 Differences from previous versions
        • 12 Invocation
        • 13 Environment Variables
        • GNU Free Documentation License
          • ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
        • Index of Directives
        • Option Index
        • Concept Index
      • GNU Assember
        • Using as
        • 1 Overview
          • 1.1 Structure of this Manual
          • 1.2 The GNU Assembler
          • 1.3 Object File Formats
          • 1.4 Command Line
          • 1.5 Input Files
          • 1.6 Output (Object) File
          • 1.7 Error and Warning Messages
        • 2 Command-Line Options
          • 2.1 Enable Listings: -a[cdghlns]
          • 2.2 --alternate
          • 2.3 -D
          • 2.4 Work Faster: -f
          • 2.5 .include Search Path: -I path
          • 2.6 Difference Tables: -K
          • 2.7 Include Local Symbols: -L
          • 2.8 Configuring listing output: --listing
          • 2.9 Assemble in MRI Compatibility Mode: -M
          • 2.10 Dependency Tracking: --MD
          • 2.11 Name the Object File: -o
          • 2.12 Join Data and Text Sections: -R
          • 2.13 Display Assembly Statistics: --statistics
          • 2.14 Compatible Output: --traditional-format
          • 2.15 Announce Version: -v
          • 2.16 Control Warnings: -W, --warn, --no-warn, --fatal-warnings
          • 2.17 Generate Object File in Spite of Errors: -Z
        • 3 Syntax
          • 3.1 Preprocessing
          • 3.2 Whitespace
          • 3.3 Comments
          • 3.4 Symbols
          • 3.5 Statements
          • 3.6 Constants
            • 3.6.1 Character Constants
              • 3.6.1.1 Strings
              • 3.6.1.2 Characters
            • 3.6.2 Number Constants
              • 3.6.2.1 Integers
              • 3.6.2.2 Bignums
              • 3.6.2.3 Flonums
        • 4 Sections and Relocation
          • 4.1 Background
          • 4.2 Linker Sections
          • 4.3 Assembler Internal Sections
          • 4.4 Sub-Sections
          • 4.5 bss Section
        • 5 Symbols
          • 5.1 Labels
          • 5.2 Giving Symbols Other Values
          • 5.3 Symbol Names
          • 5.4 The Special Dot Symbol
          • 5.5 Symbol Attributes
            • 5.5.1 Value
            • 5.5.2 Type
            • 5.5.3 Symbol Attributes: a.out
              • 5.5.3.1 Descriptor
              • 5.5.3.2 Other
            • 5.5.4 Symbol Attributes for COFF
              • 5.5.4.1 Primary Attributes
              • 5.5.4.2 Auxiliary Attributes
            • 5.5.5 Symbol Attributes for SOM
        • 6 Expressions
          • 6.1 Empty Expressions
          • 6.2 Integer Expressions
            • 6.2.1 Arguments
            • 6.2.2 Operators
            • 6.2.3 Prefix Operator
            • 6.2.4 Infix Operators
        • 7 Assembler Directives
          • 7.1 .abort
          • 7.2 .ABORT (COFF)
          • 7.3 .align abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
          • 7.4 .altmacro
          • 7.5 .ascii "string"...
          • 7.6 .asciz "string"...
          • 7.7 .balign[wl] abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
          • 7.8 .byte expressions
          • 7.9 .cfi_startproc [simple]
          • 7.10 .cfi_sections section_list
          • 7.11 .cfi_endproc
          • 7.12 .cfi_personality encoding [, exp]
          • 7.13 .cfi_lsda encoding [, exp]
          • 7.14 .cfi_def_cfa register, offset
          • 7.15 .cfi_def_cfa_register register
          • 7.16 .cfi_def_cfa_offset offset
          • 7.17 .cfi_adjust_cfa_offset offset
          • 7.18 .cfi_offset register, offset
          • 7.19 .cfi_rel_offset register, offset
          • 7.20 .cfi_register register1, register2
          • 7.21 .cfi_restore register
          • 7.22 .cfi_undefined register
          • 7.23 .cfi_same_value register
          • 7.24 .cfi_remember_state,
          • 7.25 .cfi_return_column register
          • 7.26 .cfi_signal_frame
          • 7.27 .cfi_window_save
          • 7.28 .cfi_escape expression[, ...]
          • 7.29 .cfi_val_encoded_addr register, encoding, label
          • 7.30 .comm symbol , length
          • 7.31 .data subsection
          • 7.32 .def name
          • 7.33 .desc symbol, abs-expression
          • 7.34 .dim
          • 7.35 .double flonums
          • 7.36 .eject
          • 7.37 .else
          • 7.38 .elseif
          • 7.39 .end
          • 7.40 .endef
          • 7.41 .endfunc
          • 7.42 .endif
          • 7.43 .equ symbol, expression
          • 7.44 .equiv symbol, expression
          • 7.45 .eqv symbol, expression
          • 7.46 .err
          • 7.47 .error "string"
          • 7.48 .exitm
          • 7.49 .extern
          • 7.50 .fail expression
          • 7.51 .file
          • 7.52 .fill repeat , size , value
          • 7.53 .float flonums
          • 7.54 .func name[,label]
          • 7.55 .global symbol, .globl symbol
          • 7.56 .gnu_attribute tag,value
          • 7.57 .hidden names
          • 7.58 .hword expressions
          • 7.59 .ident
          • 7.60 .if absolute expression
          • 7.61 .incbin "file"[,skip[,count]]
          • 7.62 .include "file"
          • 7.63 .int expressions
          • 7.64 .internal names
          • 7.65 .irp symbol,values...
          • 7.66 .irpc symbol,values...
          • 7.67 .lcomm symbol , length
          • 7.68 .lflags
          • 7.69 .line line-number
          • 7.70 .linkonce [type]
          • 7.71 .list
          • 7.72 .ln line-number
          • 7.73 .loc fileno lineno [column] [options]
          • 7.74 .loc_mark_labels enable
          • 7.75 .local names
          • 7.76 .long expressions
          • 7.77 .macro
          • 7.78 .mri val
          • 7.79 .noaltmacro
          • 7.80 .nolist
          • 7.81 .octa bignums
          • 7.82 .org new-lc , fill
          • 7.83 .p2align[wl] abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
          • 7.84 .popsection
          • 7.85 .previous
          • 7.86 .print string
          • 7.87 .protected names
          • 7.88 .psize lines , columns
          • 7.89 .purgem name
          • 7.90 .pushsection name [, subsection] [, "flags"[, @type[,arguments]]]
          • 7.91 .quad bignums
          • 7.92 .reloc offset, reloc_name[, expression]
          • 7.93 .rept count
          • 7.94 .sbttl "subheading"
          • 7.95 .scl class
          • 7.96 .section name
          • 7.97 .set symbol, expression
          • 7.98 .short expressions
          • 7.99 .single flonums
          • 7.100 .size
          • 7.101 .skip size , fill
          • 7.102 .sleb128 expressions
          • 7.103 .space size , fill
          • 7.104 .stabd, .stabn, .stabs
          • 7.105 .string "str", .string8 "str", .string16
          • 7.106 .struct expression
          • 7.107 .subsection name
          • 7.108 .symver
          • 7.109 .tag structname
          • 7.110 .text subsection
          • 7.111 .title "heading"
          • 7.112 .type
          • 7.113 .uleb128 expressions
          • 7.114 .val addr
          • 7.115 .version "string"
          • 7.116 .vtable_entry table, offset
          • 7.117 .vtable_inherit child, parent
          • 7.118 .warning "string"
          • 7.119 .weak names
          • 7.120 .weakref alias, target
          • 7.121 .word expressions
          • 7.122 Deprecated Directives
        • 8 Object Attributes
          • 8.1 gnu Object Attributes
            • 8.1.1 Common gnu attributes
            • 8.1.2 MIPS Attributes
            • 8.1.3 PowerPC Attributes
          • 8.2 Defining New Object Attributes
        • 9 Machine Dependent Features
          • 9.1 Alpha Dependent Features
            • 9.1.1 Notes
            • 9.1.2 Options
            • 9.1.3 Syntax
              • 9.1.3.1 Special Characters
              • 9.1.3.2 Register Names
              • 9.1.3.3 Relocations
            • 9.1.4 Floating Point
            • 9.1.5 Alpha Assembler Directives
            • 9.1.6 Opcodes
          • 9.2 ARC Dependent Features
            • 9.2.1 Options
            • 9.2.2 Syntax
              • 9.2.2.1 Special Characters
              • 9.2.2.2 Register Names
            • 9.2.3 Floating Point
            • 9.2.4 ARC Machine Directives
            • 9.2.5 Opcodes
          • 9.3 ARM Dependent Features
            • 9.3.1 Options
            • 9.3.2 Syntax
              • 9.3.2.1 Instruction Set Syntax
              • 9.3.2.2 Special Characters
              • 9.3.2.3 Register Names
            • 9.3.3 Floating Point
              • 9.3.3.1 ARM relocation generation
            • 9.3.4 ARM Machine Directives
            • 9.3.5 Opcodes
            • 9.3.6 Mapping Symbols
            • 9.3.7 Unwinding
          • 9.4 AVR Dependent Features
            • 9.4.1 Options
            • 9.4.2 Syntax
              • 9.4.2.1 Special Characters
              • 9.4.2.2 Register Names
              • 9.4.2.3 Relocatable Expression Modifiers
            • 9.4.3 Opcodes
          • 9.5 Blackfin Dependent Features
            • 9.5.1 Options
            • 9.5.2 Syntax
            • 9.5.3 Directives
          • 9.6 CR16 Dependent Features
            • 9.6.1 CR16 Operand Qualifiers
          • 9.7 CRIS Dependent Features
            • 9.7.1 Command-line Options
            • 9.7.2 Instruction expansion
            • 9.7.3 Symbols
            • 9.7.4 Syntax
              • 9.7.4.1 Special Characters
              • 9.7.4.2 Symbols in position-independent code
              • 9.7.4.3 Register names
              • 9.7.4.4 Assembler Directives
          • 9.8 D10V Dependent Features
            • 9.8.1 D10V Options
            • 9.8.2 Syntax
              • 9.8.2.1 Size Modifiers
              • 9.8.2.2 Sub-Instructions
              • 9.8.2.3 Special Characters
              • 9.8.2.4 Register Names
              • 9.8.2.5 Addressing Modes
              • 9.8.2.6 @WORD Modifier
            • 9.8.3 Floating Point
            • 9.8.4 Opcodes
          • 9.9 D30V Dependent Features
            • 9.9.1 D30V Options
            • 9.9.2 Syntax
              • 9.9.2.1 Size Modifiers
              • 9.9.2.2 Sub-Instructions
              • 9.9.2.3 Special Characters
              • 9.9.2.4 Guarded Execution
              • 9.9.2.5 Register Names
              • 9.9.2.6 Addressing Modes
            • 9.9.3 Floating Point
            • 9.9.4 Opcodes
          • 9.10 H8/300 Dependent Features
            • 9.10.1 Options
            • 9.10.2 Syntax
              • 9.10.2.1 Special Characters
              • 9.10.2.2 Register Names
              • 9.10.2.3 Addressing Modes
            • 9.10.3 Floating Point
            • 9.10.4 H8/300 Machine Directives
            • 9.10.5 Opcodes
          • 9.11 HPPA Dependent Features
            • 9.11.1 Notes
            • 9.11.2 Options
            • 9.11.3 Syntax
            • 9.11.4 Floating Point
            • 9.11.5 HPPA Assembler Directives
            • 9.11.6 Opcodes
          • 9.12 ESA/390 Dependent Features
            • 9.12.1 Notes
            • 9.12.2 Options
            • 9.12.3 Syntax
            • 9.12.4 Floating Point
            • 9.12.5 ESA/390 Assembler Directives
            • 9.12.6 Opcodes
          • 9.13 80386 Dependent Features
            • 9.13.1 Options
            • 9.13.2 x86 specific Directives
            • 9.13.3 AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
            • 9.13.4 Instruction Naming
            • 9.13.5 AT&T Mnemonic versus Intel Mnemonic
            • 9.13.6 Register Naming
            • 9.13.7 Instruction Prefixes
            • 9.13.8 Memory References
            • 9.13.9 Handling of Jump Instructions
            • 9.13.10 Floating Point
            • 9.13.11 Intel's MMX and AMD's 3DNow! SIMD Operations
            • 9.13.12 Writing 16-bit Code
            • 9.13.13 AT&T Syntax bugs
            • 9.13.14 Specifying CPU Architecture
            • 9.13.15 Notes
          • 9.14 Intel i860 Dependent Features
            • 9.14.1 i860 Notes
            • 9.14.2 i860 Command-line Options
              • 9.14.2.1 SVR4 compatibility options
              • 9.14.2.2 Other options
            • 9.14.3 i860 Machine Directives
            • 9.14.4 i860 Opcodes
              • 9.14.4.1 Other instruction support (pseudo-instructions)
          • 9.15 Intel 80960 Dependent Features
            • 9.15.1 i960 Command-line Options
            • 9.15.2 Floating Point
            • 9.15.3 i960 Machine Directives
            • 9.15.4 i960 Opcodes
              • 9.15.4.1 callj
              • 9.15.4.2 Compare-and-Branch
          • 9.16 IA-64 Dependent Features
            • 9.16.1 Options
            • 9.16.2 Syntax
              • 9.16.2.1 Special Characters
              • 9.16.2.2 Register Names
              • 9.16.2.3 IA-64 Processor-Status-Register (PSR) Bit Names
            • 9.16.3 Opcodes
          • 9.17 IP2K Dependent Features
            • 9.17.1 IP2K Options
          • 9.18 LM32 Dependent Features
            • 9.18.1 Options
            • 9.18.2 Syntax
              • 9.18.2.1 Register Names
              • 9.18.2.2 Relocatable Expression Modifiers
            • 9.18.3 Opcodes
          • 9.19 M32C Dependent Features
            • 9.19.1 M32C Options
            • 9.19.2 Symbolic Operand Modifiers
          • 9.20 M32R Dependent Features
            • 9.20.1 M32R Options
            • 9.20.2 M32R Directives
            • 9.20.3 M32R Warnings
          • 9.21 M680x0 Dependent Features
            • 9.21.1 M680x0 Options
            • 9.21.2 Syntax
            • 9.21.3 Motorola Syntax
            • 9.21.4 Floating Point
            • 9.21.5 680x0 Machine Directives
            • 9.21.6 Opcodes
              • 9.21.6.1 Branch Improvement
              • 9.21.6.2 Special Characters
          • 9.22 M68HC11 and M68HC12 Dependent Features
            • 9.22.1 M68HC11 and M68HC12 Options
            • 9.22.2 Syntax
            • 9.22.3 Symbolic Operand Modifiers
            • 9.22.4 Assembler Directives
            • 9.22.5 Floating Point
            • 9.22.6 Opcodes
              • 9.22.6.1 Branch Improvement
          • 9.23 MicroBlaze Dependent Features
            • 9.23.1 Directives
          • 9.24 MIPS Dependent Features
            • 9.24.1 Assembler options
            • 9.24.2 MIPS ECOFF object code
            • 9.24.3 Directives for debugging information
            • 9.24.4 Directives to override the size of symbols
            • 9.24.5 Directives to override the ISA level
            • 9.24.6 Directives for extending MIPS 16 bit instructions
            • 9.24.7 Directive to mark data as an instruction
            • 9.24.8 Directives to save and restore options
            • 9.24.9 Directives to control generation of MIPS ASE instructions
            • 9.24.10 Directives to override floating-point options
          • 9.25 MMIX Dependent Features
            • 9.25.1 Command-line Options
            • 9.25.2 Instruction expansion
            • 9.25.3 Syntax
              • 9.25.3.1 Special Characters
              • 9.25.3.2 Symbols
              • 9.25.3.3 Register names
              • 9.25.3.4 Assembler Directives
            • 9.25.4 Differences to mmixal
          • 9.26 MSP 430 Dependent Features
            • 9.26.1 Options
            • 9.26.2 Syntax
              • 9.26.2.1 Macros
              • 9.26.2.2 Special Characters
              • 9.26.2.3 Register Names
              • 9.26.2.4 Assembler Extensions
            • 9.26.3 Floating Point
            • 9.26.4 MSP 430 Machine Directives
            • 9.26.5 Opcodes
            • 9.26.6 Profiling Capability
          • 9.27 PDP-11 Dependent Features
            • 9.27.1 Options
              • 9.27.1.1 Code Generation Options
              • 9.27.1.2 Instruction Set Extension Options
              • 9.27.1.3 CPU Model Options
              • 9.27.1.4 Machine Model Options
            • 9.27.2 Assembler Directives
            • 9.27.3 PDP-11 Assembly Language Syntax
            • 9.27.4 Instruction Naming
            • 9.27.5 Synthetic Instructions
          • 9.28 picoJava Dependent Features
            • 9.28.1 Options
          • 9.29 PowerPC Dependent Features
            • 9.29.1 Options
            • 9.29.2 PowerPC Assembler Directives
          • 9.30 IBM S/390 Dependent Features
            • 9.30.1 Options
            • 9.30.2 Special Characters
            • 9.30.3 Instruction syntax
              • 9.30.3.1 Register naming
              • 9.30.3.2 Instruction Mnemonics
              • 9.30.3.3 Instruction Operands
              • 9.30.3.4 Instruction Formats
              • 9.30.3.5 Instruction Aliases
              • 9.30.3.6 Instruction Operand Modifier
              • 9.30.3.7 Instruction Marker
              • 9.30.3.8 Literal Pool Entries
            • 9.30.4 Assembler Directives
            • 9.30.5 Floating Point
          • 9.31 SCORE Dependent Features
            • 9.31.1 Options
            • 9.31.2 SCORE Assembler Directives
          • 9.32 Renesas / SuperH SH Dependent Features
            • 9.32.1 Options
            • 9.32.2 Syntax
              • 9.32.2.1 Special Characters
              • 9.32.2.2 Register Names
              • 9.32.2.3 Addressing Modes
            • 9.32.3 Floating Point
            • 9.32.4 SH Machine Directives
            • 9.32.5 Opcodes
          • 9.33 SuperH SH64 Dependent Features
            • 9.33.1 Options
            • 9.33.2 Syntax
              • 9.33.2.1 Special Characters
              • 9.33.2.2 Register Names
              • 9.33.2.3 Addressing Modes
            • 9.33.3 SH64 Machine Directives
            • 9.33.4 Opcodes
          • 9.34 SPARC Dependent Features
            • 9.34.1 Options
            • 9.34.2 Enforcing aligned data
            • 9.34.3 Sparc Syntax
              • 9.34.3.1 Special Characters
              • 9.34.3.2 Register Names
              • 9.34.3.3 Constants
              • 9.34.3.4 Relocations
              • 9.34.3.5 Size Translations
            • 9.34.4 Floating Point
            • 9.34.5 Sparc Machine Directives
          • 9.35 TIC54X Dependent Features
            • 9.35.1 Options
            • 9.35.2 Blocking
            • 9.35.3 Environment Settings
            • 9.35.4 Constants Syntax
            • 9.35.5 String Substitution
            • 9.35.6 Local Labels
            • 9.35.7 Math Builtins
            • 9.35.8 Extended Addressing
            • 9.35.9 Directives
            • 9.35.10 Macros
            • 9.35.11 Memory-mapped Registers
          • 9.36 Z80 Dependent Features
            • 9.36.1 Options
            • 9.36.2 Syntax
              • 9.36.2.1 Special Characters
              • 9.36.2.2 Register Names
              • 9.36.2.3 Case Sensitivity
            • 9.36.3 Floating Point
            • 9.36.4 Z80 Assembler Directives
            • 9.36.5 Opcodes
          • 9.37 Z8000 Dependent Features
            • 9.37.1 Options
            • 9.37.2 Syntax
              • 9.37.2.1 Special Characters
              • 9.37.2.2 Register Names
              • 9.37.2.3 Addressing Modes
            • 9.37.3 Assembler Directives for the Z8000
            • 9.37.4 Opcodes
          • 9.38 VAX Dependent Features
            • 9.38.1 VAX Command-Line Options
            • 9.38.2 VAX Floating Point
            • 9.38.3 Vax Machine Directives
            • 9.38.4 VAX Opcodes
            • 9.38.5 VAX Branch Improvement
            • 9.38.6 VAX Operands
            • 9.38.7 Not Supported on VAX
          • 9.39 v850 Dependent Features
            • 9.39.1 Options
            • 9.39.2 Syntax
              • 9.39.2.1 Special Characters
              • 9.39.2.2 Register Names
            • 9.39.3 Floating Point
            • 9.39.4 V850 Machine Directives
            • 9.39.5 Opcodes
          • 9.40 Xtensa Dependent Features
            • 9.40.1 Command Line Options
            • 9.40.2 Assembler Syntax
              • 9.40.2.1 Opcode Names
              • 9.40.2.2 Register Names
            • 9.40.3 Xtensa Optimizations
              • 9.40.3.1 Using Density Instructions
              • 9.40.3.2 Automatic Instruction Alignment
            • 9.40.4 Xtensa Relaxation
              • 9.40.4.1 Conditional Branch Relaxation
              • 9.40.4.2 Function Call Relaxation
              • 9.40.4.3 Other Immediate Field Relaxation
            • 9.40.5 Directives
              • 9.40.5.1 schedule
              • 9.40.5.2 longcalls
              • 9.40.5.3 transform
              • 9.40.5.4 literal
              • 9.40.5.5 literal_position
              • 9.40.5.6 literal_prefix
              • 9.40.5.7 absolute-literals
        • 10 Reporting Bugs
          • 10.1 Have You Found a Bug?
          • 10.2 How to Report Bugs
        • 11 Acknowledgements
        • Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License
        • AS Index
      • GNU Linker
        • LD
        • 1 Overview
        • 2 Invocation
          • 2.1 Command Line Options
            • 2.1.1 Options Specific to i386 PE Targets
            • 2.1.2 Options specific to Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 targets
            • 2.1.3 Options specific to Motorola 68K target
          • 2.2 Environment Variables
        • 3 Linker Scripts
          • 3.1 Basic Linker Script Concepts
          • 3.2 Linker Script Format
          • 3.3 Simple Linker Script Example
          • 3.4 Simple Linker Script Commands
            • 3.4.1 Setting the Entry Point
            • 3.4.2 Commands Dealing with Files
            • 3.4.3 Commands Dealing with Object File Formats
            • 3.4.4 Assign alias names to memory regions
            • 3.4.5 Other Linker Script Commands
          • 3.5 Assigning Values to Symbols
            • 3.5.1 Simple Assignments
            • 3.5.2 PROVIDE
            • 3.5.3 PROVIDE_HIDDEN
            • 3.5.4 Source Code Reference
          • 3.6 SECTIONS Command
            • 3.6.1 Output Section Description
            • 3.6.2 Output Section Name
            • 3.6.3 Output Section Address
            • 3.6.4 Input Section Description
              • 3.6.4.1 Input Section Basics
              • 3.6.4.2 Input Section Wildcard Patterns
              • 3.6.4.3 Input Section for Common Symbols
              • 3.6.4.4 Input Section and Garbage Collection
              • 3.6.4.5 Input Section Example
            • 3.6.5 Output Section Data
            • 3.6.6 Output Section Keywords
            • 3.6.7 Output Section Discarding
            • 3.6.8 Output Section Attributes
              • 3.6.8.1 Output Section Type
              • 3.6.8.2 Output Section LMA
              • 3.6.8.3 Forced Output Alignment
              • 3.6.8.4 Forced Input Alignment
              • 3.6.8.5 Output Section Constraint
              • 3.6.8.6 Output Section Region
              • 3.6.8.7 Output Section Phdr
              • 3.6.8.8 Output Section Fill
            • 3.6.9 Overlay Description
          • 3.7 MEMORY Command
          • 3.8 PHDRS Command
          • 3.9 VERSION Command
          • 3.10 Expressions in Linker Scripts
            • 3.10.1 Constants
            • 3.10.2 Symbolic Constants
            • 3.10.3 Symbol Names
            • 3.10.4 Orphan Sections
            • 3.10.5 The Location Counter
            • 3.10.6 Operators
            • 3.10.7 Evaluation
            • 3.10.8 The Section of an Expression
            • 3.10.9 Builtin Functions
          • 3.11 Implicit Linker Scripts
        • 4 Machine Dependent Features
          • 4.1 ld and the H8/300
          • 4.2 ld and the Intel 960 Family
          • 4.3 ld and the Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 families
            • 4.3.1 Linker Relaxation
            • 4.3.2 Trampoline Generation
          • 4.4 ld and the ARM family
          • 4.5 ld and HPPA 32-bit ELF Support
          • 4.6 ld and the Motorola 68K family
          • 4.7 ld and MMIX
          • 4.8 ld and MSP430
          • 4.9 ld and PowerPC 32-bit ELF Support
          • 4.10 ld and PowerPC64 64-bit ELF Support
          • 4.11 ld and SPU ELF Support
          • 4.12 ld's Support for Various TI COFF Versions
          • 4.13 ld and WIN32 (cygwin/mingw)
          • 4.14 ld and Xtensa Processors
        • 5 BFD
          • 5.1 How It Works: An Outline of BFD
            • 5.1.1 Information Loss
            • 5.1.2 The BFD canonical object-file format
        • 6 Reporting Bugs
          • 6.1 Have You Found a Bug?
          • 6.2 How to Report Bugs
        • Appendix A MRI Compatible Script Files
        • Appendix B GNU Free Documentation License
          • ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
        • LD Index
      • GNU BINUTILS
        • Introduction
        • 1 ar
          • 1.1 Controlling ar on the Command Line
          • 1.2 Controlling ar with a Script
        • 2 nm
        • 3 objcopy
        • 4 objdump
        • 5 ranlib
        • 6 size
        • 7 strings
        • 8 strip
        • 9 c++filt
        • 10 addr2line
        • 11 nlmconv
        • 12 windmc
        • 13 windres
        • 14 dlltool
          • 14.1 The format of the dlltool .def file
        • 15 readelf
        • 16 Common Options
        • 17 Selecting the Target System
          • 17.1 Target Selection
          • 17.2 Architecture Selection
        • 18 Reporting Bugs
          • 18.1 Have You Found a Bug?
          • 18.2 How to Report Bugs
        • Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License
        • Binutils Index
    • Appendices
      • Legal
        • Copyright, disclaimer, and trademarks
        • Rowley Associates license statement
        • Activating your product
      • Technical
        • File formats
          • Memory Map file format
          • Section Placement file format
          • Project file format
          • Project Templates file format
          • Property Groups file format
          • Package Description file format
        • Project Property Reference
          • General Build Properties
          • Combining Project Properties
          • Compilation Properties
          • Debugging Properties
          • Externally Built Executable Project Properties
          • File and Folder Properties
          • Library Project Properties
          • Executable Project Properties
          • Staging Project Properties
        • Code editor command summary
        • Binary editor command summary
      • Frequently Asked Questions
      • Linux Frequently Asked Questions
      • Glossary