Preface

Introduction

What is CrossWorks? What we don't tell you Release notes Activating your product Text conventions Standard syntactic metalanguage Requesting support and reporting problems

CrossStudio Tutorial

Activating CrossWorks Managing support packages Creating a project Managing files in a project Setting project options Building projects Exploring projects Using the debugger Low-level debugging Debugging externally built applications

CrossStudio Reference

Overview

The title bar The menu bar The status bar The editing workspace Docking windows

Project management

Overview Creating a project Adding existing files to a project Adding new files to a project Removing a file, folder, project, or project link Project properties Project configurations Project dependencies and build order Project macros

Building projects Source control Breakpoint expressions Debug expressions

Basic editing

Navigation Bookmarks Changing text Using the clipboard Drag and drop editing Undo and redo Indentation File management Find and replace Regular expressions Advanced editor features Code templates

Memory map editor Package management Linking and section placement

CrossStudio Windows

Breakpoints window Clipboard ring window Call stack window Downloads window Execution counts window Find and replace window Globals window CrossStudio Help and Assistance Latest news window Locals window Memory window Memory usage window Output window Package manager window Project explorer Properties window Register windows Source navigator window Symbol browser Targets window Terminal emulator window Threads window Trace window Watch window

Target interfaces

Macraigor Wiggler (20 and 14 pin) Target Interface Generic FT2232 Target Interface Generic Target Interface Amontec JTAGkey Target Interface Olimex ARM-USB-OCD Target Interface CrossConnect Target Interface Segger J-Link Target Interface ARM Simulator Target interface

ARM Target Support

Target startup code Startup code Memory map files Project configurations Target script file TargetInterface Program loading Debug Capabilities

Dialogs

Debug file search editor

Environment Options Dialog

Building Environment Options Debugging Environment Options IDE Environment Options Programming Language Environment Options Source Control Environment Options Text Editor Environment Options Windows Environment Options

Tasking Library User Guide

Overview Tasks Event sets Semaphores Mutexes Message queues Byte queues Global interrupts control Timer support Interrupt service routines Memory areas Task scheduling example ARM implementation Cortex-M3 implementation CTL revisions CTL sources

Library Reference

ARM Library Reference

<cross_studio_io.h>

debug_break debug_clearerr debug_enabled debug_exit debug_fclose debug_feof debug_ferror debug_fflush debug_fgetc debug_fgetpos debug_fgets debug_filesize debug_fopen debug_fprintf debug_fprintf_c debug_fputc debug_fputs debug_fread debug_freopen debug_fscanf debug_fscanf_c debug_fseek debug_fsetpos debug_ftell debug_fwrite debug_getargs debug_getch debug_getchar debug_getd debug_getenv debug_getf debug_geti debug_getl debug_getll debug_gets debug_getu debug_getul debug_getull debug_kbhit debug_loadsymbols debug_perror debug_printf debug_printf_c debug_putchar debug_puts debug_remove debug_rename debug_rewind debug_runtime_error debug_scanf debug_scanf_c debug_system debug_time debug_tmpfile debug_tmpnam debug_ungetc debug_unloadsymbols debug_vfprintf debug_vfscanf debug_vprintf debug_vscanf

<ctl.h>

CTL_BYTE_QUEUE_t CTL_EVENT_SET_t CTL_MEMORY_AREA_t CTL_MESSAGE_QUEUE_t CTL_MUTEX_t CTL_SEMAPHORE_t CTL_TASK_t CTL_TIME_t ctl_byte_queue_init ctl_byte_queue_num_free ctl_byte_queue_num_used ctl_byte_queue_post ctl_byte_queue_post_multi ctl_byte_queue_post_multi_nb ctl_byte_queue_post_nb ctl_byte_queue_receive ctl_byte_queue_receive_multi ctl_byte_queue_receive_multi_nb ctl_byte_queue_receive_nb ctl_byte_queue_setup_events ctl_current_time ctl_events_init ctl_events_pulse ctl_events_set_clear ctl_events_wait ctl_get_current_time ctl_global_interrupts_disable ctl_global_interrupts_enable ctl_global_interrupts_set ctl_handle_error ctl_increment_tick_from_isr ctl_interrupt_count ctl_last_schedule_time ctl_memory_area_allocate ctl_memory_area_free ctl_memory_area_init ctl_memory_area_setup_events ctl_message_queue_init ctl_message_queue_num_free ctl_message_queue_num_used ctl_message_queue_post ctl_message_queue_post_multi ctl_message_queue_post_multi_nb ctl_message_queue_post_nb ctl_message_queue_receive ctl_message_queue_receive_multi ctl_message_queue_receive_multi_nb ctl_message_queue_receive_nb ctl_message_queue_setup_events ctl_mutex_init ctl_mutex_lock ctl_mutex_unlock ctl_reschedule_on_last_isr_exit ctl_semaphore_init ctl_semaphore_signal ctl_semaphore_wait ctl_task_die ctl_task_executing ctl_task_init ctl_task_list ctl_task_remove ctl_task_reschedule ctl_task_restore ctl_task_run ctl_task_set_priority ctl_task_switch_callout ctl_time_increment ctl_timeout_wait ctl_timeslice_period

LIBARM Library

<libarm.h>

libarm_dcc_read libarm_dcc_write libarm_disable_fiq libarm_disable_irq libarm_disable_irq_fiq libarm_enable_fiq libarm_enable_irq libarm_enable_irq_fiq libarm_get_cpsr libarm_isr_disable_irq libarm_isr_enable_irq libarm_mmu_flat_initialise_level_1_table libarm_mmu_flat_initialise_level_2_small_page_table libarm_mmu_flat_set_level_1_cacheable_region libarm_mmu_flat_set_level_2_small_page_cacheable_region libarm_restore_irq_fiq libarm_run_dcc_port_server libarm_set_cpsr libarm_set_fiq libarm_set_irq

LIBMEM Library

Using the LIBMEM Library Writing LIBMEM Drivers

<libmem.h>

LIBMEM_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE LIBMEM_ADDRESS_IS_ALIGNED LIBMEM_ALIGNED_ADDRESS LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_AMD_EXTENDED LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_AMD_STANDARD LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_INTEL_EXTENDED LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_INTEL_STANDARD LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_MITSUBISHI_EXTENDED LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_MITSUBISHI_STANDARD LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_NONE LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_RESERVED LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_SST_PAGE_WRITE LIBMEM_CFI_CMDSET_WINBOND_STANDARD LIBMEM_INLINE LIBMEM_KB LIBMEM_MB LIBMEM_RANGE_OCCLUDES_RANGE LIBMEM_RANGE_OVERLAPS_RANGE LIBMEM_RANGE_WITHIN_RANGE LIBMEM_STATUS_CFI_ERROR LIBMEM_STATUS_ERROR LIBMEM_STATUS_GEOMETRY_REGION_OVERFLOW LIBMEM_STATUS_INVALID_DEVICE LIBMEM_STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER LIBMEM_STATUS_INVALID_RANGE LIBMEM_STATUS_INVALID_WIDTH LIBMEM_STATUS_LOCKED LIBMEM_STATUS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED LIBMEM_STATUS_NO_DRIVER LIBMEM_STATUS_SUCCESS LIBMEM_STATUS_TIMEOUT LIBMEM_VERSION_NUMBER _libmem_driver_functions_t _libmem_driver_handle_t _libmem_ext_driver_functions_t _libmem_flash_info_t _libmem_geometry_t _libmem_sector_info_t libmem_busy_handler_fn libmem_busy_handler_fn_t libmem_cfi_get_info libmem_crc32 libmem_crc32_direct libmem_driver_crc32_fn_t libmem_driver_erase_fn_t libmem_driver_fill_fn_t libmem_driver_flush_fn_t libmem_driver_inrange_fn_t libmem_driver_lock_fn_t libmem_driver_read_fn_t libmem_driver_unlock_fn_t libmem_driver_write_fn_t libmem_drivers libmem_enable_timeouts libmem_erase libmem_erase_all libmem_fill libmem_flush libmem_foreach_driver libmem_foreach_driver_fn_t libmem_foreach_sector libmem_foreach_sector_fn_t libmem_foreach_sector_in_range libmem_foreach_sector_in_range_ex libmem_get_driver libmem_get_driver_sector_size libmem_get_geometry_size libmem_get_number_of_regions libmem_get_number_of_sectors libmem_get_sector_info libmem_get_sector_number libmem_get_sector_size libmem_get_ticks libmem_get_ticks_fn libmem_get_ticks_fn_t libmem_lock libmem_lock_all libmem_read libmem_register_am29f200b_driver libmem_register_am29f200t_driver libmem_register_am29f400bb_driver libmem_register_am29f400bt_driver libmem_register_am29fxxx_driver libmem_register_am29lv010b_driver libmem_register_cfi_0001_16_driver libmem_register_cfi_0001_8_driver libmem_register_cfi_0002_16_driver libmem_register_cfi_0002_8_driver libmem_register_cfi_0003_16_driver libmem_register_cfi_0003_8_driver libmem_register_cfi_amd_driver libmem_register_cfi_driver libmem_register_cfi_intel_driver libmem_register_driver libmem_register_ram_driver libmem_register_sst39xFx00A_16_driver libmem_register_st_m28w320cb_driver libmem_register_st_m28w320ct_driver libmem_set_busy_handler libmem_ticks_per_second libmem_unlock libmem_unlock_all libmem_write

LIBMEM Loader Library

<libmem_loader.h>

LIBMEM_RPC_LOADER_FLAG_PARAM LIBMEM_RPC_LOADER_FLAG_PRESERVE_STATE LIBMEM_RPC_LOADER_MAGIC_NUMBER libmem_dcc_loader_set_param_fn_t libmem_dcc_loader_start libmem_dcc_rpc_loader_exit libmem_dcc_rpc_loader_start libmem_rpc_loader_exit libmem_rpc_loader_start

Standard C Library Reference

Formatted output control strings Formatted input control strings String handling

<assert.h>

__assert assert

<ctype.h>

isalnum isalpha isblank iscntrl isdigit isgraph islower isprint ispunct isspace isupper isxdigit tolower toupper

<errno.h>

EDOM EILSEQ ERANGE __errno errno

<limits.h>

CHAR_BIT CHAR_MAX CHAR_MIN INT_MAX INT_MIN LLONG_MAX LLONG_MIN LONG_MAX LONG_MIN SCHAR_MAX SCHAR_MIN SHRT_MAX SHRT_MIN UCHAR_MAX UINT_MAX ULLONG_MAX ULONG_MAX USHRT_MAX

<locale.h>

lconv localeconv setlocale

<math.h>

acos acosf acosh acoshf asin asinf asinh asinhf atan atan2 atan2f atanf atanh atanhf cbrt cbrtf ceil ceilf cos cosf cosh coshf exp expf fabs fabsf floor floorf fmax fmaxf fmin fminf fmod fmodf fpclassify frexp frexpf hypot hypotf isfinite isinf isnan isnormal ldexp ldexpf log log10 log10f logf modf modff pow powf scalbn scalbnf signbit sin sinf sinh sinhf sqrt sqrtf tan tanf tanh tanhf

<setjmp.h>

longjmp setjmp

<stdarg.h>

va_arg va_copy va_end va_start

<stddef.h>

NULL offsetof ptrdiff_t size_t

<stdio.h>

getchar gets printf putchar puts scanf snprintf sprintf sscanf vprintf vscanf vsnprintf vsprintf vsscanf

<stdlib.h>

EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_SUCCESS RAND_MAX abs atexit atof atoi atol atoll bsearch calloc div div_t exit free itoa labs ldiv ldiv_t llabs lldiv lldiv_t lltoa ltoa malloc qsort rand realloc srand strtod strtof strtol strtoll strtoul strtoull ulltoa ultoa utoa

<string.h>

<time.h>

asctime asctime_r clock_t ctime ctime_r difftime gmtime gmtime_r localtime localtime_r mktime strftime time_t tm

Standard C++ Library Reference

<new> - memory allocation

operator delete operator new set_new_handler

Command Line Tools

CrossBuild CrossLoad CrossScript Command Line Debugging mkhdr - C/C++ header file generator mkpkg - package creator

GNU C/C++ Compiler

Introduction 1 Programming Languages Supported by GCC

2 Language Standards Supported by GCC

2.1 C language 2.2 C++ language 2.3 Objective-C and Objective-C++ languages

3 GCC Command Options

3.1 Option Summary 3.2 Options Controlling the Kind of Output 3.3 Compiling C++ Programs 3.4 Options Controlling C Dialect 3.5 Options Controlling C++ Dialect 3.6 Options Controlling Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialects 3.7 Options to Control Diagnostic Messages Formatting 3.8 Options to Request or Suppress Warnings 3.9 Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC 3.10 Options That Control Optimization 3.11 Options Controlling the Preprocessor 3.12 Passing Options to the Assembler 3.13 Options for Linking 3.14 Options for Directory Search 3.15 Specifying subprocesses and the switches to pass to them 3.16 Specifying Target Machine and Compiler Version

3.17 Hardware Models and Configurations

3.17.1 ARC Options 3.17.2 ARM Options 3.17.3 AVR Options 3.17.4 Blackfin Options 3.17.5 CRIS Options 3.17.6 CRX Options 3.17.7 Darwin Options 3.17.8 DEC Alpha Options 3.17.9 DEC Alpha/VMS Options 3.17.10 FR30 Options 3.17.11 FRV Options 3.17.12 GNU/Linux Options 3.17.13 H8/300 Options 3.17.14 HPPA Options 3.17.15 Intel 386 and AMD x86-64 Options 3.17.16 IA-64 Options 3.17.17 M32C Options 3.17.18 M32R/D Options 3.17.19 M680x0 Options 3.17.20 M68hc1x Options 3.17.21 MCore Options 3.17.22 MIPS Options 3.17.23 MMIX Options 3.17.24 MN10300 Options 3.17.25 PDP-11 Options 3.17.26 picoChip Options 3.17.27 PowerPC Options 3.17.28 IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC Options 3.17.29 S/390 and zSeries Options 3.17.30 Score Options 3.17.31 SH Options 3.17.32 SPARC Options 3.17.33 SPU Options 3.17.34 Options for System V 3.17.35 V850 Options 3.17.36 VAX Options 3.17.37 VxWorks Options 3.17.38 x86-64 Options 3.17.39 i386 and x86-64 Windows Options 3.17.40 Xstormy16 Options 3.17.41 Xtensa Options 3.17.42 zSeries Options

3.18 Options for Code Generation Conventions 3.19 Environment Variables Affecting GCC 3.20 Using Precompiled Headers 3.21 Running Protoize

4 C Implementation-defined behavior

4.1 Translation 4.2 Environment 4.3 Identifiers 4.4 Characters 4.5 Integers 4.6 Floating point 4.7 Arrays and pointers 4.8 Hints 4.9 Structures, unions, enumerations, and bit-fields 4.10 Qualifiers 4.11 Declarators 4.12 Statements 4.13 Preprocessing directives 4.14 Library functions 4.15 Architecture 4.16 Locale-specific behavior

5 Extensions to the C Language Family

5.1 Statements and Declarations in Expressions 5.2 Locally Declared Labels 5.3 Labels as Values 5.4 Nested Functions 5.5 Constructing Function Calls 5.6 Referring to a Type with typeof 5.7 Conditionals with Omitted Operands 5.8 Double-Word Integers 5.9 Complex Numbers 5.10 Additional Floating Types 5.11 Decimal Floating Types 5.12 Hex Floats 5.13 Fixed-Point Types 5.14 Arrays of Length Zero 5.15 Structures With No Members 5.16 Arrays of Variable Length 5.17 Macros with a Variable Number of Arguments. 5.18 Slightly Looser Rules for Escaped Newlines 5.19 Non-Lvalue Arrays May Have Subscripts 5.20 Arithmetic on void- and Function-Pointers 5.21 Non-Constant Initializers 5.22 Compound Literals 5.23 Designated Initializers 5.24 Case Ranges 5.25 Cast to a Union Type 5.26 Mixed Declarations and Code 5.27 Declaring Attributes of Functions 5.28 Attribute Syntax 5.29 Prototypes and Old-Style Function Definitions 5.30 C++ Style Comments 5.31 Dollar Signs in Identifier Names 5.32 The Character <ESC> in Constants 5.33 Inquiring on Alignment of Types or Variables

5.34 Specifying Attributes of Variables

5.34.1 Blackfin Variable Attributes 5.34.2 M32R/D Variable Attributes 5.34.3 i386 Variable Attributes 5.34.4 PowerPC Variable Attributes 5.34.5 SPU Variable Attributes 5.34.6 Xstormy16 Variable Attributes 5.34.7 AVR Variable Attributes

5.35 Specifying Attributes of Types

5.35.1 ARM Type Attributes 5.35.2 i386 Type Attributes 5.35.3 PowerPC Type Attributes 5.35.4 SPU Type Attributes

5.36 An Inline Function is As Fast As a Macro

5.37 Assembler Instructions with C Expression Operands

5.37.1 Size of an asm 5.37.2 i386 floating point asm operands

5.38 Constraints for asm Operands

5.38.1 Simple Constraints 5.38.2 Multiple Alternative Constraints 5.38.3 Constraint Modifier Characters 5.38.4 Constraints for Particular Machines

5.39 Controlling Names Used in Assembler Code

5.40 Variables in Specified Registers

5.40.1 Defining Global Register Variables 5.40.2 Specifying Registers for Local Variables

5.41 Alternate Keywords 5.42 Incomplete enum Types 5.43 Function Names as Strings 5.44 Getting the Return or Frame Address of a Function 5.45 Using vector instructions through built-in functions 5.46 Offsetof 5.47 Built-in functions for atomic memory access 5.48 Object Size Checking Builtins 5.49 Other built-in functions provided by GCC

5.50 Built-in Functions Specific to Particular Target Machines

5.50.1 Alpha Built-in Functions 5.50.2 ARM iWMMXt Built-in Functions

5.50.3 ARM NEON Intrinsics

5.50.3.1 Addition 5.50.3.2 Multiplication 5.50.3.3 Multiply-accumulate 5.50.3.4 Multiply-subtract 5.50.3.5 Subtraction 5.50.3.6 Comparison (equal-to) 5.50.3.7 Comparison (greater-than-or-equal-to) 5.50.3.8 Comparison (less-than-or-equal-to) 5.50.3.9 Comparison (greater-than) 5.50.3.10 Comparison (less-than) 5.50.3.11 Comparison (absolute greater-than-or-equal-to) 5.50.3.12 Comparison (absolute less-than-or-equal-to) 5.50.3.13 Comparison (absolute greater-than) 5.50.3.14 Comparison (absolute less-than) 5.50.3.15 Test bits 5.50.3.16 Absolute difference 5.50.3.17 Absolute difference and accumulate 5.50.3.18 Maximum 5.50.3.19 Minimum 5.50.3.20 Pairwise add 5.50.3.21 Pairwise add, single_opcode widen and accumulate 5.50.3.22 Folding maximum 5.50.3.23 Folding minimum 5.50.3.24 Reciprocal step 5.50.3.25 Vector shift left 5.50.3.26 Vector shift left by constant 5.50.3.27 Vector shift right by constant 5.50.3.28 Vector shift right by constant and accumulate 5.50.3.29 Vector shift right and insert 5.50.3.30 Vector shift left and insert 5.50.3.31 Absolute value 5.50.3.32 Negation 5.50.3.33 Bitwise not 5.50.3.34 Count leading sign bits 5.50.3.35 Count leading zeros 5.50.3.36 Count number of set bits 5.50.3.37 Reciprocal estimate 5.50.3.38 Reciprocal square-root estimate 5.50.3.39 Get lanes from a vector 5.50.3.40 Set lanes in a vector 5.50.3.41 Create vector from literal bit pattern 5.50.3.42 Set all lanes to the same value 5.50.3.43 Combining vectors 5.50.3.44 Splitting vectors 5.50.3.45 Conversions 5.50.3.46 Move, single_opcode narrowing 5.50.3.47 Move, single_opcode long 5.50.3.48 Table lookup 5.50.3.49 Extended table lookup 5.50.3.50 Multiply, lane 5.50.3.51 Long multiply, lane 5.50.3.52 Saturating doubling long multiply, lane 5.50.3.53 Saturating doubling multiply high, lane 5.50.3.54 Multiply-accumulate, lane 5.50.3.55 Multiply-subtract, lane 5.50.3.56 Vector multiply by scalar 5.50.3.57 Vector long multiply by scalar 5.50.3.58 Vector saturating doubling long multiply by scalar 5.50.3.59 Vector saturating doubling multiply high by scalar 5.50.3.60 Vector multiply-accumulate by scalar 5.50.3.61 Vector multiply-subtract by scalar 5.50.3.62 Vector extract 5.50.3.63 Reverse elements 5.50.3.64 Bit selection 5.50.3.65 Transpose elements 5.50.3.66 Zip elements 5.50.3.67 Unzip elements 5.50.3.68 Element/structure loads, VLD1 variants 5.50.3.69 Element/structure stores, VST1 variants 5.50.3.70 Element/structure loads, VLD2 variants 5.50.3.71 Element/structure stores, VST2 variants 5.50.3.72 Element/structure loads, VLD3 variants 5.50.3.73 Element/structure stores, VST3 variants 5.50.3.74 Element/structure loads, VLD4 variants 5.50.3.75 Element/structure stores, VST4 variants 5.50.3.76 Logical operations (AND) 5.50.3.77 Logical operations (OR) 5.50.3.78 Logical operations (exclusive OR) 5.50.3.79 Logical operations (AND-NOT) 5.50.3.80 Logical operations (OR-NOT) 5.50.3.81 Reinterpret casts

5.50.4 Blackfin Built-in Functions

5.50.5 FR-V Built-in Functions

5.50.5.1 Argument Types 5.50.5.2 Directly-mapped Integer Functions 5.50.5.3 Directly-mapped Media Functions 5.50.5.4 Raw read/write Functions 5.50.5.5 Other Built-in Functions

5.50.6 X86 Built-in Functions 5.50.7 MIPS DSP Built-in Functions 5.50.8 MIPS Paired-Single Support

5.50.9 MIPS Loongson Built-in Functions

5.50.9.1 Paired-Single Arithmetic 5.50.9.2 Paired-Single Built-in Functions 5.50.9.3 MIPS-3D Built-in Functions

5.50.10 picoChip Built-in Functions 5.50.11 Other MIPS Built-in Functions 5.50.12 PowerPC AltiVec Built-in Functions 5.50.13 SPARC VIS Built-in Functions 5.50.14 SPU Built-in Functions

5.51 Format Checks Specific to Particular Target Machines

5.51.1 Solaris Format Checks

5.52 Pragmas Accepted by GCC

5.52.1 ARM Pragmas 5.52.2 M32C Pragmas 5.52.3 RS/6000 and PowerPC Pragmas 5.52.4 Darwin Pragmas 5.52.5 Solaris Pragmas 5.52.6 Symbol-Renaming Pragmas 5.52.7 Structure-Packing Pragmas 5.52.8 Weak Pragmas 5.52.9 Diagnostic Pragmas 5.52.10 Visibility Pragmas 5.52.11 Push/Pop Macro Pragmas 5.52.12 Function Specific Option Pragmas

5.53 Unnamed struct/union fields within structs/unions

5.54 Thread-Local Storage

5.54.1 ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Edits for Thread-Local Storage 5.54.2 ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Edits for Thread-Local Storage

5.55 Binary constants using the `0b' prefix

6 Extensions to the C++ Language

6.1 When is a Volatile Object Accessed? 6.2 Restricting Pointer Aliasing 6.3 Vague Linkage 6.4 #pragma interface and implementation 6.5 Where's the Template? 6.6 Extracting the function pointer from a bound pointer to member function 6.7 C++-Specific Variable, Function, and Type Attributes 6.8 Namespace Association 6.9 Type Traits 6.10 Java Exceptions 6.11 Deprecated Features 6.12 Backwards Compatibility

7 GNU Objective-C runtime features

7.1 +load: Executing code before main

7.1.1 What you can and what you cannot do in +load

7.2 Type encoding 7.3 Garbage Collection 7.4 Constant string objects 7.5 compatibility_alias

8 Binary Compatibility

9 gcova Test Coverage Program

9.1 Introduction to gcov 9.2 Invoking gcov 9.3 Using gcov with GCC Optimization 9.4 Brief description of gcov data files 9.5 Data file relocation to support cross-profiling

10 Known Causes of Trouble with GCC

10.1 Actual Bugs We Haven't Fixed Yet 10.2 Cross-Compiler Problems 10.3 Interoperation 10.4 Incompatibilities of GCC 10.5 Fixed Header Files 10.6 Standard Libraries 10.7 Disappointments and Misunderstandings

10.8 Common Misunderstandings with GNU C++

10.8.1 Declare and Define Static Members 10.8.2 Name lookup, templates, and accessing members of base classes 10.8.3 Temporaries May Vanish Before You Expect 10.8.4 Implicit Copy-Assignment for Virtual Bases

10.9 Caveats of using protoize 10.10 Certain Changes We Don't Want to Make 10.11 Warning Messages and Error Messages

11 Reporting Bugs

11.1 Have You Found a Bug? 11.2 How and where to Report Bugs

12 How To Get Help with GCC 13 Contributing to GCC Development Funding Free Software The GNU Project and GNU/Linux GNU General Public License

GNU Free Documentation License

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

Contributors to GCC Option Index Keyword Index

GNU C Preprocessor

The C Preprocessor

1 Overview

1.1 Character sets 1.2 Initial processing 1.3 Tokenization 1.4 The preprocessing language

2 Header Files

2.1 Include Syntax 2.2 Include Operation 2.3 Search Path 2.4 Once-Only Headers 2.5 Alternatives to Wrapper #ifndef 2.6 Computed Includes 2.7 Wrapper Headers 2.8 System Headers

3 Macros

3.1 Object-like Macros 3.2 Function-like Macros 3.3 Macro Arguments 3.4 Stringification 3.5 Concatenation 3.6 Variadic Macros

3.7 Predefined Macros

3.7.1 Standard Predefined Macros 3.7.2 Common Predefined Macros 3.7.3 System-specific Predefined Macros 3.7.4 C++ Named Operators

3.8 Undefining and Redefining Macros 3.9 Directives Within Macro Arguments

3.10 Macro Pitfalls

3.10.1 Misnesting 3.10.2 Operator Precedence Problems 3.10.3 Swallowing the Semicolon 3.10.4 Duplication of Side Effects 3.10.5 Self-Referential Macros 3.10.6 Argument Prescan 3.10.7 Newlines in Arguments

4 Conditionals

4.1 Conditional Uses

4.2 Conditional Syntax

4.2.1 Ifdef 4.2.2 If 4.2.3 Defined 4.2.4 Else 4.2.5 Elif

4.3 Deleted Code

5 Diagnostics 6 Line Control 7 Pragmas 8 Other Directives 9 Preprocessor Output

10 Traditional Mode

10.1 Traditional lexical analysis 10.2 Traditional macros 10.3 Traditional miscellany 10.4 Traditional warnings

11 Implementation Details

11.1 Implementation-defined behavior 11.2 Implementation limits

11.3 Obsolete Features

11.3.1 Assertions

11.4 Differences from previous versions

12 Invocation 13 Environment Variables

GNU Free Documentation License

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

Index of Directives Option Index Concept Index

GNU Assember

Using as

1 Overview

1.1 Structure of this Manual 1.2 The GNU Assembler 1.3 Object File Formats 1.4 Command Line 1.5 Input Files 1.6 Output (Object) File 1.7 Error and Warning Messages

2 Command-Line Options

2.1 Enable Listings: -a[cdghlns] 2.2 --alternate 2.3 -D 2.4 Work Faster: -f 2.5 .include Search Path: -I path 2.6 Difference Tables: -K 2.7 Include Local Symbols: -L 2.8 Configuring listing output: --listing 2.9 Assemble in MRI Compatibility Mode: -M 2.10 Dependency Tracking: --MD 2.11 Name the Object File: -o 2.12 Join Data and Text Sections: -R 2.13 Display Assembly Statistics: --statistics 2.14 Compatible Output: --traditional-format 2.15 Announce Version: -v 2.16 Control Warnings: -W, --warn, --no-warn, --fatal-warnings 2.17 Generate Object File in Spite of Errors: -Z

3 Syntax

3.1 Preprocessing 3.2 Whitespace 3.3 Comments 3.4 Symbols 3.5 Statements

3.6 Constants

3.6.1 Character Constants

3.6.1.1 Strings 3.6.1.2 Characters

3.6.2 Number Constants

3.6.2.1 Integers 3.6.2.2 Bignums 3.6.2.3 Flonums

4 Sections and Relocation

4.1 Background 4.2 Linker Sections 4.3 Assembler Internal Sections 4.4 Sub-Sections 4.5 bss Section

5 Symbols

5.1 Labels 5.2 Giving Symbols Other Values 5.3 Symbol Names 5.4 The Special Dot Symbol

5.5 Symbol Attributes

5.5.1 Value 5.5.2 Type

5.5.3 Symbol Attributes: a.out

5.5.3.1 Descriptor 5.5.3.2 Other

5.5.4 Symbol Attributes for COFF

5.5.4.1 Primary Attributes 5.5.4.2 Auxiliary Attributes

5.5.5 Symbol Attributes for SOM

6 Expressions

6.1 Empty Expressions

6.2 Integer Expressions

6.2.1 Arguments 6.2.2 Operators 6.2.3 Prefix Operator 6.2.4 Infix Operators

7 Assembler Directives

7.1 .abort 7.2 .ABORT (COFF) 7.3 .align abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr 7.4 .altmacro 7.5 .ascii "string"... 7.6 .asciz "string"... 7.7 .balign[wl] abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr 7.8 .byte expressions 7.9 .cfi_sections section_list 7.10 .cfi_startproc [simple] 7.11 .cfi_endproc 7.12 .cfi_personality encoding [, exp] 7.13 .cfi_lsda encoding [, exp] 7.14 .cfi_def_cfa register, offset 7.15 .cfi_def_cfa_register register 7.16 .cfi_def_cfa_offset offset 7.17 .cfi_adjust_cfa_offset offset 7.18 .cfi_offset register, offset 7.19 .cfi_rel_offset register, offset 7.20 .cfi_register register1, register2 7.21 .cfi_restore register 7.22 .cfi_undefined register 7.23 .cfi_same_value register 7.24 .cfi_remember_state, 7.25 .cfi_return_column register 7.26 .cfi_signal_frame 7.27 .cfi_window_save 7.28 .cfi_escape expression[, ...] 7.29 .cfi_val_encoded_addr register, encoding, label 7.30 .comm symbol , length 7.31 .data subsection 7.32 .def name 7.33 .desc symbol, abs-expression 7.34 .dim 7.35 .double flonums 7.36 .eject 7.37 .else 7.38 .elseif 7.39 .end 7.40 .endef 7.41 .endfunc 7.42 .endif 7.43 .equ symbol, expression 7.44 .equiv symbol, expression 7.45 .eqv symbol, expression 7.46 .err 7.47 .error "string" 7.48 .exitm 7.49 .extern 7.50 .fail expression 7.51 .file 7.52 .fill repeat , size , value 7.53 .float flonums 7.54 .func name[,label] 7.55 .global symbol, .globl symbol 7.56 .gnu_attribute tag,value 7.57 .hidden names 7.58 .hword expressions 7.59 .ident 7.60 .if absolute expression 7.61 .incbin "file"[,skip[,count]] 7.62 .include "file" 7.63 .int expressions 7.64 .internal names 7.65 .irp symbol,values... 7.66 .irpc symbol,values... 7.67 .lcomm symbol , length 7.68 .lflags 7.69 .line line-number 7.70 .linkonce [type] 7.71 .list 7.72 .ln line-number 7.73 .loc fileno lineno [column] [options] 7.74 .loc_mark_labels enable 7.75 .local names 7.76 .long expressions 7.77 .macro 7.78 .mri val 7.79 .noaltmacro 7.80 .nolist 7.81 .octa bignums 7.82 .org new-lc , fill 7.83 .p2align[wl] abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr 7.84 .popsection 7.85 .previous 7.86 .print string 7.87 .protected names 7.88 .psize lines , columns 7.89 .purgem name 7.90 .pushsection name [, subsection] [, "flags"[, @type[,arguments]]] 7.91 .quad bignums 7.92 .reloc offset, reloc_name[, expression] 7.93 .rept count 7.94 .sbttl "subheading" 7.95 .scl class 7.96 .section name 7.97 .set symbol, expression 7.98 .short expressions 7.99 .single flonums 7.100 .size 7.101 .skip size , fill 7.102 .sleb128 expressions 7.103 .space size , fill 7.104 .stabd, .stabn, .stabs 7.105 .string "str", .string8 "str", .string16 7.106 .struct expression 7.107 .subsection name 7.108 .symver 7.109 .tag structname 7.110 .text subsection 7.111 .title "heading" 7.112 .type 7.113 .uleb128 expressions 7.114 .val addr 7.115 .version "string" 7.116 .vtable_entry table, offset 7.117 .vtable_inherit child, parent 7.118 .warning "string" 7.119 .weak names 7.120 .weakref alias, target 7.121 .word expressions 7.122 Deprecated Directives

8 Object Attributes

8.1 gnu Object Attributes

8.1.1 Common gnu attributes 8.1.2 MIPS Attributes 8.1.3 PowerPC Attributes

8.2 Defining New Object Attributes

9 Machine Dependent Features

9.1 Alpha Dependent Features

9.1.1 Notes 9.1.2 Options

9.1.3 Syntax

9.1.3.1 Special Characters 9.1.3.2 Register Names 9.1.3.3 Relocations

9.1.4 Floating Point 9.1.5 Alpha Assembler Directives 9.1.6 Opcodes

9.2 ARC Dependent Features

9.2.1 Options

9.2.2 Syntax

9.2.2.1 Special Characters 9.2.2.2 Register Names

9.2.3 Floating Point 9.2.4 ARC Machine Directives 9.2.5 Opcodes

9.3 ARM Dependent Features

9.3.1 Options

9.3.2 Syntax

9.3.2.1 Instruction Set Syntax 9.3.2.2 Special Characters 9.3.2.3 Register Names 9.3.2.4 NEON Alignment Specifiers

9.3.3 Floating Point

9.3.3.1 ARM relocation generation

9.3.4 ARM Machine Directives 9.3.5 Opcodes 9.3.6 Mapping Symbols 9.3.7 Unwinding

9.4 AVR Dependent Features

9.4.1 Options

9.4.2 Syntax

9.4.2.1 Special Characters 9.4.2.2 Register Names 9.4.2.3 Relocatable Expression Modifiers

9.4.3 Opcodes

9.5 Blackfin Dependent Features

9.5.1 Options 9.5.2 Syntax 9.5.3 Directives

9.6 CR16 Dependent Features

9.6.1 CR16 Operand Qualifiers

9.7 CRIS Dependent Features

9.7.1 Command-line Options 9.7.2 Instruction expansion 9.7.3 Symbols

9.7.4 Syntax

9.7.4.1 Special Characters 9.7.4.2 Symbols in position-independent code 9.7.4.3 Register names 9.7.4.4 Assembler Directives

9.8 D10V Dependent Features

9.8.1 D10V Options

9.8.2 Syntax

9.8.2.1 Size Modifiers 9.8.2.2 Sub-Instructions 9.8.2.3 Special Characters 9.8.2.4 Register Names 9.8.2.5 Addressing Modes 9.8.2.6 @WORD Modifier

9.8.3 Floating Point 9.8.4 Opcodes

9.9 D30V Dependent Features

9.9.1 D30V Options

9.9.2 Syntax

9.9.2.1 Size Modifiers 9.9.2.2 Sub-Instructions 9.9.2.3 Special Characters 9.9.2.4 Guarded Execution 9.9.2.5 Register Names 9.9.2.6 Addressing Modes

9.9.3 Floating Point 9.9.4 Opcodes

9.10 H8/300 Dependent Features

9.10.1 Options

9.10.2 Syntax

9.10.2.1 Special Characters 9.10.2.2 Register Names 9.10.2.3 Addressing Modes

9.10.3 Floating Point 9.10.4 H8/300 Machine Directives 9.10.5 Opcodes

9.11 HPPA Dependent Features

9.11.1 Notes 9.11.2 Options 9.11.3 Syntax 9.11.4 Floating Point 9.11.5 HPPA Assembler Directives 9.11.6 Opcodes

9.12 ESA/390 Dependent Features

9.12.1 Notes 9.12.2 Options 9.12.3 Syntax 9.12.4 Floating Point 9.12.5 ESA/390 Assembler Directives 9.12.6 Opcodes

9.13 80386 Dependent Features

9.13.1 Options 9.13.2 x86 specific Directives 9.13.3 AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax 9.13.4 Instruction Naming 9.13.5 AT&T Mnemonic versus Intel Mnemonic 9.13.6 Register Naming 9.13.7 Instruction Prefixes 9.13.8 Memory References 9.13.9 Handling of Jump Instructions 9.13.10 Floating Point 9.13.11 Intel's MMX and AMD's 3DNow! SIMD Operations 9.13.12 AMD's Lightweight Profiling Instructions 9.13.13 Writing 16-bit Code 9.13.14 AT&T Syntax bugs 9.13.15 Specifying CPU Architecture 9.13.16 Notes

9.14 Intel i860 Dependent Features

9.14.1 i860 Notes

9.14.2 i860 Command-line Options

9.14.2.1 SVR4 compatibility options 9.14.2.2 Other options

9.14.3 i860 Machine Directives

9.14.4 i860 Opcodes

9.14.4.1 Other instruction support (pseudo-instructions)

9.15 Intel 80960 Dependent Features

9.15.1 i960 Command-line Options 9.15.2 Floating Point 9.15.3 i960 Machine Directives

9.15.4 i960 Opcodes

9.15.4.1 callj 9.15.4.2 Compare-and-Branch

9.16 IA-64 Dependent Features

9.16.1 Options

9.16.2 Syntax

9.16.2.1 Special Characters 9.16.2.2 Register Names 9.16.2.3 IA-64 Processor-Status-Register (PSR) Bit Names 9.16.2.4 Relocations

9.16.3 Opcodes

9.17 IP2K Dependent Features

9.17.1 IP2K Options

9.18 LM32 Dependent Features

9.18.1 Options

9.18.2 Syntax

9.18.2.1 Register Names 9.18.2.2 Relocatable Expression Modifiers

9.18.3 Opcodes

9.19 M32C Dependent Features

9.19.1 M32C Options 9.19.2 Symbolic Operand Modifiers

9.20 M32R Dependent Features

9.20.1 M32R Options 9.20.2 M32R Directives 9.20.3 M32R Warnings

9.21 M680x0 Dependent Features

9.21.1 M680x0 Options 9.21.2 Syntax 9.21.3 Motorola Syntax 9.21.4 Floating Point 9.21.5 680x0 Machine Directives

9.21.6 Opcodes

9.21.6.1 Branch Improvement 9.21.6.2 Special Characters

9.22 M68HC11 and M68HC12 Dependent Features

9.22.1 M68HC11 and M68HC12 Options 9.22.2 Syntax 9.22.3 Symbolic Operand Modifiers 9.22.4 Assembler Directives 9.22.5 Floating Point

9.22.6 Opcodes

9.22.6.1 Branch Improvement

9.23 MicroBlaze Dependent Features

9.23.1 Directives

9.24 MIPS Dependent Features

9.24.1 Assembler options 9.24.2 MIPS ECOFF object code 9.24.3 Directives for debugging information 9.24.4 Directives to override the size of symbols 9.24.5 Directives to override the ISA level 9.24.6 Directives for extending MIPS 16 bit instructions 9.24.7 Directive to mark data as an instruction 9.24.8 Directives to save and restore options 9.24.9 Directives to control generation of MIPS ASE instructions 9.24.10 Directives to override floating-point options

9.25 MMIX Dependent Features

9.25.1 Command-line Options 9.25.2 Instruction expansion

9.25.3 Syntax

9.25.3.1 Special Characters 9.25.3.2 Symbols 9.25.3.3 Register names 9.25.3.4 Assembler Directives

9.25.4 Differences to mmixal

9.26 MSP 430 Dependent Features

9.26.1 Options

9.26.2 Syntax

9.26.2.1 Macros 9.26.2.2 Special Characters 9.26.2.3 Register Names 9.26.2.4 Assembler Extensions

9.26.3 Floating Point 9.26.4 MSP 430 Machine Directives 9.26.5 Opcodes 9.26.6 Profiling Capability

9.27 PDP-11 Dependent Features

9.27.1 Options

9.27.1.1 Code Generation Options 9.27.1.2 Instruction Set Extension Options 9.27.1.3 CPU Model Options 9.27.1.4 Machine Model Options

9.27.2 Assembler Directives 9.27.3 PDP-11 Assembly Language Syntax 9.27.4 Instruction Naming 9.27.5 Synthetic Instructions

9.28 picoJava Dependent Features

9.28.1 Options

9.29 PowerPC Dependent Features

9.29.1 Options 9.29.2 PowerPC Assembler Directives

9.30 RX Dependent Features

9.30.1 RX Options 9.30.2 Symbolic Operand Modifiers 9.30.3 Assembler Directives 9.30.4 Floating Point

9.31 IBM S/390 Dependent Features

9.31.1 Options 9.31.2 Special Characters

9.31.3 Instruction syntax

9.31.3.1 Register naming 9.31.3.2 Instruction Mnemonics 9.31.3.3 Instruction Operands 9.31.3.4 Instruction Formats 9.31.3.5 Instruction Aliases 9.31.3.6 Instruction Operand Modifier 9.31.3.7 Instruction Marker 9.31.3.8 Literal Pool Entries

9.31.4 Assembler Directives 9.31.5 Floating Point

9.32 SCORE Dependent Features

9.32.1 Options 9.32.2 SCORE Assembler Directives

9.33 Renesas / SuperH SH Dependent Features

9.33.1 Options

9.33.2 Syntax

9.33.2.1 Special Characters 9.33.2.2 Register Names 9.33.2.3 Addressing Modes

9.33.3 Floating Point 9.33.4 SH Machine Directives 9.33.5 Opcodes

9.34 SuperH SH64 Dependent Features

9.34.1 Options

9.34.2 Syntax

9.34.2.1 Special Characters 9.34.2.2 Register Names 9.34.2.3 Addressing Modes

9.34.3 SH64 Machine Directives 9.34.4 Opcodes

9.35 SPARC Dependent Features

9.35.1 Options 9.35.2 Enforcing aligned data

9.35.3 Sparc Syntax

9.35.3.1 Special Characters 9.35.3.2 Register Names 9.35.3.3 Constants 9.35.3.4 Relocations 9.35.3.5 Size Translations

9.35.4 Floating Point 9.35.5 Sparc Machine Directives

9.36 TIC54X Dependent Features

9.36.1 Options 9.36.2 Blocking 9.36.3 Environment Settings 9.36.4 Constants Syntax 9.36.5 String Substitution 9.36.6 Local Labels 9.36.7 Math Builtins 9.36.8 Extended Addressing 9.36.9 Directives 9.36.10 Macros 9.36.11 Memory-mapped Registers

9.37 TIC6X Dependent Features

9.37.1 TIC6X Options 9.37.2 TIC6X Syntax 9.37.3 TIC6X Directives

9.38 Z80 Dependent Features

9.38.1 Options

9.38.2 Syntax

9.38.2.1 Special Characters 9.38.2.2 Register Names 9.38.2.3 Case Sensitivity

9.38.3 Floating Point 9.38.4 Z80 Assembler Directives 9.38.5 Opcodes

9.39 Z8000 Dependent Features

9.39.1 Options

9.39.2 Syntax

9.39.2.1 Special Characters 9.39.2.2 Register Names 9.39.2.3 Addressing Modes

9.39.3 Assembler Directives for the Z8000 9.39.4 Opcodes

9.40 VAX Dependent Features

9.40.1 VAX Command-Line Options 9.40.2 VAX Floating Point 9.40.3 Vax Machine Directives 9.40.4 VAX Opcodes 9.40.5 VAX Branch Improvement 9.40.6 VAX Operands 9.40.7 Not Supported on VAX

9.41 v850 Dependent Features

9.41.1 Options

9.41.2 Syntax

9.41.2.1 Special Characters 9.41.2.2 Register Names

9.41.3 Floating Point 9.41.4 V850 Machine Directives 9.41.5 Opcodes

9.42 Xtensa Dependent Features

9.42.1 Command Line Options

9.42.2 Assembler Syntax

9.42.2.1 Opcode Names 9.42.2.2 Register Names

9.42.3 Xtensa Optimizations

9.42.3.1 Using Density Instructions 9.42.3.2 Automatic Instruction Alignment

9.42.4 Xtensa Relaxation

9.42.4.1 Conditional Branch Relaxation 9.42.4.2 Function Call Relaxation 9.42.4.3 Other Immediate Field Relaxation

9.42.5 Directives

9.42.5.1 schedule 9.42.5.2 longcalls 9.42.5.3 transform 9.42.5.4 literal 9.42.5.5 literal_position 9.42.5.6 literal_prefix 9.42.5.7 absolute-literals

10 Reporting Bugs

10.1 Have You Found a Bug? 10.2 How to Report Bugs

11 Acknowledgements Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License AS Index

GNU Linker

LD 1 Overview

2 Invocation

2.1 Command Line Options

2.1.1 Options Specific to i386 PE Targets 2.1.2 Options specific to Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 targets 2.1.3 Options specific to Motorola 68K target

2.2 Environment Variables

3 Linker Scripts

3.1 Basic Linker Script Concepts 3.2 Linker Script Format 3.3 Simple Linker Script Example

3.4 Simple Linker Script Commands

3.4.1 Setting the Entry Point 3.4.2 Commands Dealing with Files 3.4.3 Commands Dealing with Object File Formats 3.4.4 Assign alias names to memory regions 3.4.5 Other Linker Script Commands

3.5 Assigning Values to Symbols

3.5.1 Simple Assignments 3.5.2 PROVIDE 3.5.3 PROVIDE_HIDDEN 3.5.4 Source Code Reference

3.6 SECTIONS Command

3.6.1 Output Section Description 3.6.2 Output Section Name 3.6.3 Output Section Address

3.6.4 Input Section Description

3.6.4.1 Input Section Basics 3.6.4.2 Input Section Wildcard Patterns 3.6.4.3 Input Section for Common Symbols 3.6.4.4 Input Section and Garbage Collection 3.6.4.5 Input Section Example

3.6.5 Output Section Data 3.6.6 Output Section Keywords 3.6.7 Output Section Discarding

3.6.8 Output Section Attributes

3.6.8.1 Output Section Type 3.6.8.2 Output Section LMA 3.6.8.3 Forced Output Alignment 3.6.8.4 Forced Input Alignment 3.6.8.5 Output Section Constraint 3.6.8.6 Output Section Region 3.6.8.7 Output Section Phdr 3.6.8.8 Output Section Fill

3.6.9 Overlay Description

3.7 MEMORY Command 3.8 PHDRS Command 3.9 VERSION Command

3.10 Expressions in Linker Scripts

3.10.1 Constants 3.10.2 Symbolic Constants 3.10.3 Symbol Names 3.10.4 Orphan Sections 3.10.5 The Location Counter 3.10.6 Operators 3.10.7 Evaluation 3.10.8 The Section of an Expression 3.10.9 Builtin Functions

3.11 Implicit Linker Scripts

4 Machine Dependent Features

4.1 ld and the H8/300 4.2 ld and the Intel 960 Family

4.3 ld and the Motorola 68HC11 and 68HC12 families

4.3.1 Linker Relaxation 4.3.2 Trampoline Generation

4.4 ld and the ARM family 4.5 ld and HPPA 32-bit ELF Support 4.6 ld and the Motorola 68K family 4.7 ld and MMIX 4.8 ld and MSP430 4.9 ld and PowerPC 32-bit ELF Support 4.10 ld and PowerPC64 64-bit ELF Support 4.11 ld and SPU ELF Support 4.12 ld's Support for Various TI COFF Versions 4.13 ld and WIN32 (cygwin/mingw) 4.14 ld and Xtensa Processors

5 BFD

5.1 How It Works: An Outline of BFD

5.1.1 Information Loss 5.1.2 The BFD canonical object-file format

6 Reporting Bugs

6.1 Have You Found a Bug? 6.2 How to Report Bugs

Appendix A MRI Compatible Script Files Appendix B GNU Free Documentation License LD Index

GNU BINUTILS

Introduction

1 ar

1.1 Controlling ar on the Command Line 1.2 Controlling ar with a Script

2 nm 3 objcopy 4 objdump 5 ranlib 6 size 7 strings 8 strip 9 c++filt 10 addr2line 11 nlmconv 12 windmc 13 windres

14 dlltool

14.1 The format of the dlltool .def file

15 readelf 16 elfedit 17 Common Options

18 Selecting the Target System

18.1 Target Selection 18.2 Architecture Selection

19 Reporting Bugs

19.1 Have You Found a Bug? 19.2 How to Report Bugs

Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License Binutils Index

Appendices

Legal

Technical

File formats

Memory Map file format Section Placement file format Project file format Project Templates file format Property Groups file format Package Description file format

Project Property Reference

General Build Properties Combining Project Properties Compilation Properties Debugging Properties Externally Built Executable Project Properties File and Folder Properties Library Project Properties Executable Project Properties Staging Project Properties

Script Classes

CWSys ElfFile TargetInterface WScript

Code editor command summary Binary editor command summary

Frequently Asked Questions Linux Frequently Asked Questions Glossary